Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simulta-neously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample t-test was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3741 breeding containers and 19537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers pro-duced 78.4%immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3%Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8012) and schools being the least productive (2234). Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclu-sively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.

Laboratory-bred females of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the insectarium, Unit of Medical Entomology, Institute for Medical Research were used in the experiment. The late third stage of the F0 larvae which survived the high selection pressure of malathion, permethrin and temephos were reared and colonies were established from adults that emerged. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were subjected to selection by malathion and permethrin for 40 generations, Ae. aegypti larvae to malathion, permethrin and temephos for 32 generations and Ae. albopictus larvae were selected against malathion and permethrin for 32 generations and 20 generations against temephos. The rate of resistance development was measured by LC50 value. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae developed higher resistance to malathion and permethrin compared to Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. On the whole, permethrin resistance developed at a faster rate than malathion and temephos.
Permethrin ; Malathion ; Cancer resistance to treatment ; Aedes aegypti ; Aedes albopictus

Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among Malaysian military patients but has not been studied closely. The purpose of this study was to assess the type of activities leading to the ACL injury and the outcome of reconstructive ACL surgery at one year follow up. Methods: From the registry record, military patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction in two Malaysian military hospitals were identified. Their medical records were reviewed. The activities that they performed when the ACL injury occurred were identified. After ACL reconstruction, the patients’ ability to resume previous duty at one year follow up was evaluated. Results: From 111 patients, 82% of the ACL injuries were due to sporting activities whereas military activities and road traffic accident accounted for 14 % and 4 % respectively. Out of 69 patients with isolated ACL injury who were followed up at one year, all except two were able to resume their previous duty. Conclusions: Among the military patients who underwent ACL reconstruction, ACL injury was mainly due to sporting activity. ACL reconstruction showed good outcome at one year follow up.

Introduction: Pressure injuries are a common problem in acute and chronic healthcare settings with critical morbidity and mortality consequences on patients and healthcare systems. The objective of this study was to assess the predisposing risk factors associated with patients with community acquired pressure injuries and hospital acquired pressure injuries. Methods: Data were drawn from patients' electronic medical records from two hospitals with a total of 784 beds in the North Texas area and 94 records of HAPI and 206 records of CAPI patients were assessed. The measures examined included patients' socio-demographic variables, admission diagnosis, and Braden scale measures. Results: Scores for Albumin, weight, body mass index, length of stay and Braden measures were significantly higher for HAPI than CAPI patients at α < 0.05. Higher total Braden scores (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.41), friction (OR=2.44, 95%CI: 1.39, 4.27), and longer length of stay (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.18) were associated with a higher likelihood of HAPI. Conclusions: Interventions aimed at prevention of pressure injuries should target reducing friction and length of stay at care facilities.

Background: What we think we see consists of models constructed in our brains, which may be constrained, limited and perhaps modified at a cerebral level. Patients may view their mirror image differently to how others and the clini‑ cal team view them. Understanding potential variations in perception between real and mirror images is important in clinical practice. The aims were to assess differences in self-perception between frontal facial and mirrored photo‑ graphs, comparing the results with selfie photographs. Methods: Facial photographs were taken by one investigator under standardized conditions for preclinical and clini‑ cal students. Each student took a selfie photograph at rest and smiling using his/her smartphone. A mirror image was generated for each image. Each student was shown his/her original and mirror image, without being informed which was which. For each pair of images, students were asked to choose which photograph they perceived as more attractive. A set of photographs of a male volunteer was shown to all participants, to choose either the original or mir‑ ror image as the more attractive. Results: Most observers preferred the true image of the volunteer (P < 0.05), which may be evidence that most people prefer the true image of others, which is how they normally view them. Most observers preferred their own original photograph in frontal view at rest and smiling (P< 0.05), but preferred the mirror image of their selfie photo‑ graph at rest and smiling (P < 0.05). Conclusions Significant differences in perceptions of attractiveness between true and mirror-reversed frontal and selfie images were found. Observers preferred their image the way they view themselves in a mirror. The selfie is how other people view an individual. If a selfie is flipped horizontally, that is how an individual sees themselves in a mirror. Most observers preferred the mirror image of their selfie, which is how they would view themselves in a mirror.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predicted and achieved labiolingual inclinations of the maxillary central incisors in adult Class II division 2 malocclusions treated with clear aligners using Power Ridges® and composite attachments. Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.3 years). The patients had Class II division 2 malocclusion and were treated with non-extraction with Invisalign® clear aligners with either Power Ridges® or composite attachments to enhance the predictability of required change in labiolingual inclination for the maxillary central incisors.Before treatment, treatment prediction and final digital models were exported as stereolithography files and superimposed using the eModel 9.0 “Compare” software. The predicted and achieved labiolingual incisor inclinations were compared. Results: The mean accuracies of the achieved inclination of the central incisors were 68.3% in the Power Ridges® group and 71.6% in the attachments group. No statistically significant differences in predictability were found between the groups (P > 0.05). A low positive correlation was observed between the predicted inclination change and the average absolute difference between the predicted and achieved inclinations (r = 0.19). Conclusions Predicted labiolingual inclination is not fully achieved with clear aligners in both the Power Ridges® and attachment groups. Clinicians must take measures to counteract this limitation, specifically in Class II division 2 cases.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predicted and achieved labiolingual inclinations of the maxillary central incisors in adult Class II division 2 malocclusions treated with clear aligners using Power Ridges® and composite attachments. Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.3 years). The patients had Class II division 2 malocclusion and were treated with non-extraction with Invisalign® clear aligners with either Power Ridges® or composite attachments to enhance the predictability of required change in labiolingual inclination for the maxillary central incisors.Before treatment, treatment prediction and final digital models were exported as stereolithography files and superimposed using the eModel 9.0 “Compare” software. The predicted and achieved labiolingual incisor inclinations were compared. Results: The mean accuracies of the achieved inclination of the central incisors were 68.3% in the Power Ridges® group and 71.6% in the attachments group. No statistically significant differences in predictability were found between the groups (P > 0.05). A low positive correlation was observed between the predicted inclination change and the average absolute difference between the predicted and achieved inclinations (r = 0.19). Conclusions Predicted labiolingual inclination is not fully achieved with clear aligners in both the Power Ridges® and attachment groups. Clinicians must take measures to counteract this limitation, specifically in Class II division 2 cases.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predicted and achieved labiolingual inclinations of the maxillary central incisors in adult Class II division 2 malocclusions treated with clear aligners using Power Ridges® and composite attachments. Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.3 years). The patients had Class II division 2 malocclusion and were treated with non-extraction with Invisalign® clear aligners with either Power Ridges® or composite attachments to enhance the predictability of required change in labiolingual inclination for the maxillary central incisors.Before treatment, treatment prediction and final digital models were exported as stereolithography files and superimposed using the eModel 9.0 “Compare” software. The predicted and achieved labiolingual incisor inclinations were compared. Results: The mean accuracies of the achieved inclination of the central incisors were 68.3% in the Power Ridges® group and 71.6% in the attachments group. No statistically significant differences in predictability were found between the groups (P > 0.05). A low positive correlation was observed between the predicted inclination change and the average absolute difference between the predicted and achieved inclinations (r = 0.19). Conclusions Predicted labiolingual inclination is not fully achieved with clear aligners in both the Power Ridges® and attachment groups. Clinicians must take measures to counteract this limitation, specifically in Class II division 2 cases.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predicted and achieved labiolingual inclinations of the maxillary central incisors in adult Class II division 2 malocclusions treated with clear aligners using Power Ridges® and composite attachments. Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.3 years). The patients had Class II division 2 malocclusion and were treated with non-extraction with Invisalign® clear aligners with either Power Ridges® or composite attachments to enhance the predictability of required change in labiolingual inclination for the maxillary central incisors.Before treatment, treatment prediction and final digital models were exported as stereolithography files and superimposed using the eModel 9.0 “Compare” software. The predicted and achieved labiolingual incisor inclinations were compared. Results: The mean accuracies of the achieved inclination of the central incisors were 68.3% in the Power Ridges® group and 71.6% in the attachments group. No statistically significant differences in predictability were found between the groups (P > 0.05). A low positive correlation was observed between the predicted inclination change and the average absolute difference between the predicted and achieved inclinations (r = 0.19). Conclusions Predicted labiolingual inclination is not fully achieved with clear aligners in both the Power Ridges® and attachment groups. Clinicians must take measures to counteract this limitation, specifically in Class II division 2 cases.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predicted and achieved labiolingual inclinations of the maxillary central incisors in adult Class II division 2 malocclusions treated with clear aligners using Power Ridges® and composite attachments. Methods: This retrospective study included 24 patients (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.3 years). The patients had Class II division 2 malocclusion and were treated with non-extraction with Invisalign® clear aligners with either Power Ridges® or composite attachments to enhance the predictability of required change in labiolingual inclination for the maxillary central incisors.Before treatment, treatment prediction and final digital models were exported as stereolithography files and superimposed using the eModel 9.0 “Compare” software. The predicted and achieved labiolingual incisor inclinations were compared. Results: The mean accuracies of the achieved inclination of the central incisors were 68.3% in the Power Ridges® group and 71.6% in the attachments group. No statistically significant differences in predictability were found between the groups (P > 0.05). A low positive correlation was observed between the predicted inclination change and the average absolute difference between the predicted and achieved inclinations (r = 0.19). Conclusions Predicted labiolingual inclination is not fully achieved with clear aligners in both the Power Ridges® and attachment groups. Clinicians must take measures to counteract this limitation, specifically in Class II division 2 cases.