Recent studies have revealed that IGF- I produced in kidney are of two fractions; GH dependent and GH nondependent IGF-I. The role of GH nondependent IGF-I is interesting in renal hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis because GH is clearly related with hypertrophy accompanying glomerulosclerosis is not seen in GH deficient animal. The relationship of the high protein diet and the IGF- I production under the deprivation of GH was studied. In hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rat, the level of serum IGF-I was measured using radioimmunoassay, and renal IGF- I production evaluated by immunohistochemistry during both normal and high protein diet. Serum IGF-I of rats on high protein diet was significantly higher than that fed normal protein diet. After unilateral nephrectomy, the level of serum IGF-I was significantly increased in both normal and high protein diet groups. Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct were weakly stained with normal protein diet. With high protein diet, the staining intensities increased at these portion , and distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and straight tubule were weakly stained. After unilateral nephrectomy, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct were densely stained with normal protein diet. With high protein diet, the staining intensities increased in distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and Henle's loop. Regardless of the types of protein diet, the specific difference between unilateral nephrectomized rats and sham- operated rats was immunoreactivity of the distal convoluted tubule.. In conclusion, it is suggested that GH non-dependent IGF-I is mainly produced in distal convoluted tubule during compensatory renal hypertrophy, and protein diet mainly affect IGF- I production of distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and Henle's loop.
Animals ; Diet ; Growth Hormone* ; Hypertrophy ; Hypophysectomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Kidney* ; Nephrectomy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

PURPOSE: Volumetric change of prostate is the result of unbalanced proliferation and apoptosis. We investigated the characteristics of proliferation and apoptosis in hypertrophic prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proliferative and apoptotic rates were quantitated with immunoprofiles of proliferative cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and apoptotic body with 46 paraffin-embeded BPH specimen. When the rate of proliferation was higher than that of apoptosis, we defined as proliferation active group. RESULTS: Proliferation and apoptotic rates of stromal and epithelial cells were 4.5%, 2.9% and 1.9%, 1.1%, respectively(p<0.05). There was modest correlation between stromal volume and the proliferation rate of stromal cells(p<0.05, R=0.3209). There was no volumetric difference in the prostate between proliferation active and inactive group(p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that stromal proliferation is the main cause of prostatic hypertrophy. The unbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of prostatic cells seems to be unsteady in time.
Apoptosis* ; Epithelial Cells ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia*

Twenty vesicoureteral reflux patients with 31 reflux renal units were treated with endoscopic Teflon injection. Twenty one reflux renal units were cured and the success rate after first injection was 67.7 %. In 5 more renal units the second injection was done and the refluxes were subsided in all cases. The overall success rate was 83.9 %. Teflon injection was also effective in vesicoureteral reflux with neurogenic bladder. There are many benefits of endoscopic Teflon injection in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux but long term follow-up is needed and we must consider the possibility or complication especially in child.
Child ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Polytetrafluoroethylene* ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux*

To assess the correlation between the remaining serum testosterone and bone mineral density(BMD), and to determine the effect of exogenous testosterone on BMD in subjects with male hypogonadism, we evaluated the serum testosterone levels and BMDs of the femur neck, Ward's triangle and the spine(L1-4) in 20 subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome and 7 with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism before and after testosterone replacement. BMDs of the femur neck, Ward's triangle and the spine were below the age-matched normal mean at 77.8%(21/20), 74.1%(20/27) and 88.9%(24/27), respectively. There were significant differences in serum testosterone levels and the spinal BMD between the two groups and the BMD of the spine closely correlated with the serum testosterone level (R = 0.63, p < 0.001). Following a mean 11.8 +/- 4.9 months of testosterone replacement, the BMD at all sites increased significantly and the pretreatment difference in spinal BMD between the two groups disappeared. We conclude that, although testosterone may increases the bone density, it has a site-specific effect of maintaining and increasing the bone mass especially at the spine in male hypogonadism.
Adult ; Bone Density/*drug effects/physiology ; Human ; Hypogonadism/blood/*metabolism ; Klinefelter Syndrome/blood/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Male ; Middle Age ; Testosterone/blood/metabolism/*pharmacology

A clinical comparison of the urine acid-fast bacilli culture results with 82 cases of renal tuberculosis patients was made who were admitted to the Department of Urology, Wonju Christian Hospital during the period from January, 1982 to December, 1989. The urine acid-fast bacilli culture positive rate was 37.8%. The glucose and protein contents in urine of culture positive group were 47.6 mg% and 56. 8mg% and they were higher than those of culture negative group's 29.4 mg% and 27.7 mg%. The most frequent symptom in the urine acid-fast bacilli culture positive group was voiding symptoms (48%), and flank pain was the most frequent symptom(48%) in the urine acid-fast bacilli culture negative group. Non visualized kidney or delayed visualization was the main excretory urography findings in 41% of the culture positive and 74% of the culture negative group. In early renal tuberculosis the radiologic changes are minimaland the culture positive rate is high and the main complaints of patients are bladder irritation symptoms, later the disease progresses and the obstructive symptom appear more frequently and the culture positive rate is low. We concluded that the culture positive rate, excretory urography findings and main symptoms are related with the drainage of urine.
Drainage ; Flank Pain ; Gangwon-do ; Glucose ; Humans ; Kidney ; Tuberculosis, Renal* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urography ; Urology

There were two cases of posterior urethral ruptured patient combined with severe pelvic bone disruption. They were treated with primary urethral end to end anastomosis and the results were good. We recommend the primary end to end anastomosis of posterior urethral rupture in some instances those who are ready for good exposure of posterior urethra because of wide pelvic bone disruption favorable patient`s condition and excellent skill of surgeon.
Humans ; Pelvic Bones ; Rupture* ; Urethra

PURPOSE: The enlargement of a prostate afflicted with benign prostatic hyperplsia(BPH) is known to be caused by the proliferation of prostatic cells under the influence of androgen, growth factors and interaction among cells. However, their roles are not yet to be clearly identified. Thus, we studied about the role of the growth factors in development of BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomly selected 46 patients who received transurethral resection of prostate(TURP) due to prostatic enlargement and were confirmed as BPH pathologically. Their prostatic sizes were measured using transurethral ultrasonography. Paraffin embedded specimens from the TURP were stained with H&E (hematoxylin-eosin). Point count method was applied to obtain the ratio among the sizes of stroma, epithelium, and glandular lumen. Immunohistochemical stain was conducted on bFGF(basic fibroblast growth factor: goat polyclonal antibody), and TGF-beta 2(transforming growth factor-beta2: rabbit polyclonal antibody). The intensity of fluorescence (stroma; 0+1+,2, glandular epithelium 0,+1,+2,+3) of bFGF and TGF-beta2 was obseNed in 20 low power field under the light microscope, then measured to get an average. RESULTS: The mean sixte of prostate was 44.2(+/-21.0)ml and the ratio among the sizes of stroma, glandular epithelium, and gladular lumen was 5.6:4:2.1, meaning that stroma took up the largest part of a prostate. The degree of expression of bFGF and TGF-beta2 was significantly different between actively proliferating group and inactively proliferating group(when the proliferation rate was less than 3%, n=26). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that growth factors such as bFGF and TGF-beta2 affected the proliferation rate, with individual differences and differences in time. We think they play different roles in influencing the rate according to cellular components such as stromal and glandular epithelial cells.
Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; Fluorescence ; Goats ; Humans ; Individuality ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins* ; Paraffin ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; Ultrasonography

To examine the effect renal mass reduction on compensatory renal hypertrophy and progressive glomerular sclerosis, 3/4 nephrectomy was performed in mature male rats. Serial changes in renal histology and function were investigated at weeks 1, 2, 6 and 12 after 3/4 nephrectomy. Mean glomerular diameter increased 29% during the first week thereafter the growth rate of glomeruli was similar to that of sham operated control's. Peak renal function was achieved at 6 weeks and thereafter progressively decreased. The prominent glomerular sclerosis was found at 12th week. These results suggest that renal growth after renal mass reduction is a pathologic process ensuing progressive renal damage.
Animals ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Rats* ; Sclerosis

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasonography is known to be an effective tool for the determination of prostatic volume. But the irregularity of shape and the limitation of reliability by intra-observer and inter-observer bias may influence over the results. I would like to represent several factors for the error of transrectal ultrasonographic measurement of prostatic volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Errors for transrectal ultrasonographic volume determination of the prostate, based on the principle of HWL(Height x Width x Length x pi/6) are presented. Some artificial prostatic models were made and compared between the real volumes and calculated results. The intra-observer error was determined in 39 cases by repeated measurements. The inter-observer error was also determined in 32 cases by repeated measurements of different observer. RESULTS: There were significant discrepancies between real volumes and calculated results and the range of error by shape was -19?38%. The ranges of intra-observer and inter-observer errors with 95% confidence interval were -7.4?6.1% and 2.7?9.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Errors by several factors should be considered for the clinical application of measured prostatic volume by ultrasonography irrespective of its statistical validity and reliability.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Prostate ; Reproducibility of Results ; Ultrasonography*

It is ordinarily accepted that the synthetic testosterone administration is the choice of treatment for the primary testicular dysfunction. But recently not a few medical scientists reported that the long-standing testosterone replacement is not without side effects. For that reason, we tried to investigate a possibility of in vivo transplantation of Leydig cells as a new biologic androgen substitution therapy. The Leydig cells procured from 6 week-old male Sprague-Dawley rat were auto- transplanted and the level of testosterone secretion and histostructural changes were observed.The results obtained are summarized as follows :1. For the selection of transplantation sites, compared to subcutaneous or scrotal counterparts, renal subcapsular and intraperitoneal transplant showed higher levels of testosterone and the number of transplanted cells was correlated with the level of measured testosterone. 2. Furthermore, if the Leydig cells were transplanted intraperitoneally after the uptake on synthetic collagen, testosterone levels were higher than the ones simply transplanted, resulting in 2.7 times higher at 3 months. 3. The activity of 125-I-hCG decreased 20 to 40% at each month after transplantation compared to the normal levels, but no statistical significance was noted among different periods. 4. Histologic examination revealed neovascularized capillaries and well demarcated uptake of sheet-like group of eosinophilic Leydig cells were observed at 4 weeks. But the evidence of destructive changes such as a focal inflammation with central dystropic ossification was noted after S month. On electron microscopy, the marked indentation of nucleus and presence of lipochrome pigment were seen and the number and size of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were reduced. In conclusion, testosterone output could be increased to the physiologic range by increasing the number of transplant cells or collagen uptake utilizing, etc. However the decrease of testosterone production after 3 months is believed to be a result of focal inflammation and degeneration which in turn caused the decrease in number of secreting Leydig cells and reduced activity of hCG receptors. Further effort is necessary on delaying or preventing the structural and functional decrement of Leydig cells.
Animals ; Capillaries ; Cell Transplantation* ; Collagen ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leydig Cells ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, LH ; Testosterone ; Transplantation ; Transplants*