Objective:Through comparing per capita allocation level of health resources in 31 provinces of China, the characteristics and the influencing factors of health resource allocation in each province are reveled. Methods: Selecting 7 representative indexes and using cluster analysis methods to divide per capita allocation level of 31 provinces into 5 grades; the influencing factors of per capita allocation level are proposed based on 5 grades and the ordered Probit model is built and estimated. Results: Beijing, Shanghai and Tibet respectively marked the first, the fourth and the fifth grade, 7 provinces ( including Tianjin) belong to the second grade, 21 provinces ( including Hebei ) belong to the third grade; four factors such as per capita GDP , family disposable income and so on all significantly affect per capita allocation level. Conclusion: Economic development and per capita allocation level of health resources are not balanced. The proportion of government health expenditure is negatively correlated with per capita allocation level of health resources.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest native to America and has recently become an invasive insect pest in China. Because of its rapid spread and great risks in China, understanding of FAW genetic background and pesticide resistance is urgent and essential to develop effective management strategies. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of a male FAW (SFynMstLFR) and compared re-sequencing results of the populations from America, Africa, and China. Strain identification of 163 individuals collected from America, Africa and China showed that both C and R strains were found in the American populations, while only C strain was found in the Chinese and African populations. Moreover, population genomics analysis showed that populations from Africa and China have close relationship with significantly genetic differentiation from American populations. Taken together, FAWs invaded into China were most likely originated from Africa. Comparative genomics analysis displayed that the cytochrome p450 gene family is extremely expanded to 425 members in FAW, of which 283 genes are specific to FAW. Treatments of Chinese populations with twenty-three pesticides showed the variant patterns of transcriptome profiles, and several detoxification genes such as AOX, UGT and GST specially responded to the pesticides. These findings will be useful in developing effective strategies for management of FAW in China and other invaded areas.
Animals ; China ; Genomics ; Humans ; Male ; Pesticides ; Spodoptera/genetics* ; Transcriptome