By reviewing the practice of informed consent,the authors analyzed the elements,forms of informing and consent,main parts,contents,informing process,signing,and saving of the informed consent and put forward some suggestions which are useful for the medical scientific resesxchers and management personnel.

0 05) After one year,plasma cortisol of the patients in either inhaled FP 500 ?g group or 750 ?g group was within normal rang Conclusions Long term inhaled FP with 500 ?g to 750 ?g per day is effective in moderate to severe asthma patients and has no significant suppression on adrenal cortex function

Objective To study the receptors signaling of prostaglandin E2 on the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells.Methods The expression of prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1/EP2/EP3/EP4) on the MACS-purified CD4+CD62L+ T (Th0) cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The quantity of CD25+Foxp3+ cells was examined by flow cytometry,the expression of FoxP3 mRNA and RORγt mRNA were detected using real-time RT-PCR,the level of IL-17 in the culture supernatants was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ANOVA,LSD-t,Dunnett T3 were used for statistical analysis.Results EP1,EP2,EP3,EP4 were expressed on Th0 cells at different levels,and EP2 [(89.7±9.1)％] had the strongest expression.PGE2 [(3.0± 2.2) ％],EP2 agonist [(4.5± 1.0) ％] and EP4 agonist [(8.8 ±2.5) ％] decreased the quantity of CD25 +Foxp3 + cells compared with the control group [(28.6±6.8)％] (t=7.156,P=0.021; t=6.958,P=0.032; t=5.359,P=0.044).PGE2(0.210±0.020),EP1 agonist (0.833±0.045),EP2 agonist (0.227±0.025) and EP4 agonist (0.450±0.060) decreased the expression of Foxp3 mRNA compared with the control group (1.000) (t=23.817,t=5.026,t=23.313,t=16.581; all P=0.000).PGE2 [(22±6)pg/ml],EP2 agonist [(24±5)pg/ml]and EP4 agonist [(207±19) pg/ml] decreased the secretion of IL-17 compared with the control group [(678±87) pg/ml] (t=14.925,P=0.004; t=14.873,P=0.004; t=10.480,P=0.008).PGE2 (0.141±0.027),EP1 agonist (0.869±0.033),EP2 agonist (0.176±0.029) and EP4 agonist(0.371±0.042) decreased the expression of RORγt mRNA compared with the control group (1.000) (t=34.046,t=5.184,t=32.673,t=24.962,all P=0.000).Conclusion EP1,EP2,EP3,EP4 receptors are expressed on CD4+CD62L+ T (Th0) cells at different levels.Prostaglandin E2 inhibits the differentiation of Treg cells and Th17 cells via the EP2 and EP4 receptors signaling.

Objective To study the effects of EP4 and EP2 antagonists on the differentiation of Treg/ Th17 cells and disease progression in mice of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model.Methods DBA/1 mice wereimmunized subcutaneously twice at the root of the tail with type Ⅱ collagen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant.EP2 and EP4 antagonist therapies were intraperitoneally administrated for 14 consecutive days after the second immunization.Clinical signs,histological manifestation,serum interleukin (IL)-17 and quantity of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells were determined.ANOVA and t-test were used for statistical analysis.Results Clinical signs of the disease appeared on day 27 and peaked on day 35 after the first immunization.The quantity of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in spleens [(1.67±0.15)％] and draining inguinal lymph nodes [(3.30±0.36)％] isolated from CIA mice were significantly lower than those of normal DBA/1 mice [(2.77±0.45)％ and (4.73 ±0.45)％ respectively,P＜0.05].Serum IL-17 level of CIA mice [(27±7) pg/ml] was significantly higher than that of normal DBA/1 mice [(14±4) pg/ml,P＜0.05].Intra-peritoneal injection of EP4 but not EP2 antagonist to CIA mice decreased paw edema and swelling,and alleviated the histological manifestations (1.8±1.0 vs 3.5±0.6,P＜0.05) on day 35 after the first immunization.The percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in both inguinal lymph nodes [(4.20±0.32)％] and spleens [(2.63±0.40)％] were significantly higher in EP4 antagonist-treated but not EP2 antagonist-treated CIA mice compared with CIA mice group [(3.30±0.36)％ and (1.67±0.15)％ respectively,P＜0.05].The level of serum IL-17 was significantly lower in EP4 antagonist-treated [(15±7) pg/ml] but not EP2 antagonist-treated CIA mice compared with CIA mice group [(27±7) pg/ml,P＜0.05].Conclusion EP4 antagonist therapy alleviates clinical symptoms of CIA,improves the histological manifestations,decreases the serum IL-17 level and increases the percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in both spleens and draining inguinal lymph nodes,so targeting EP4 receptor may be a new possible therapeutic possibility in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To investigate the expressions of TK1 (thymidine kinase 1) in PHC (primary hepatic carcinoma). Methods TK1 and AFP in serum of 33 cases of PHC (primary hepatic carcinoma), 38 cases of hepatic cirrhosis,36 cases of hepatitis and 35 cases of healthy people were detected by means of Western blot—enhanced chemiluminecence and electrochemiluminescence. Results The difference of TK1 level in PHC group indicated significance when compared with that in hepatic cirrhosis group , hepatitis group and control group (U value was 436.4, 352.1, 163.6, respectively, all P < 0.01). TK1 level in patients with PHC was related with differentiation (χ2 = 7.476,P < 0.05) and TNM stage (χ2 = 7.227,P < 0.05),but not with sex, age, tumor diameter, number of tumors, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that PHC patients with TK1≤ 2.0 pmol/L had a significantly shortened overall survival when compared with those with TK1 > 2.0 pmol/L (χ2 = 3.954,P < 0.05). Multivariable Cox regression analysis indicated that the level of TK1 and TNM stage were the independent risk factors for patients with PHC (all P <0.05). Conclusions The detection of TK1 has a certain clinical value in the diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of the prognosis of the PHC.

Objective To explore the more secure and available methods in replacing traeheostomy tube.Methods Sixty patients with incision of trachea were divided into group A(29 eases)and group B (31 cases)randomly.The new method was used in group A with putting a catheter into the old tracheostomy tube before taking it out,and placing the new tracheostomy tube under the guide of catheter.While the traditional method was used in group B.The heart rate,SpO2,manipulation time,perioperative haemorrhage, and the condition of entering the false passage were recorded.Results The heart rate,SpO2 were no significant difference before and after manipulation in group A,but the heart rate increased and SpO2 decreased in group B(P<0.01 or<0.05).The manipulation time was(50.5±4.2) s in group A,and (84.9±5.3) s in group B(P<0.05).The perioperative haemorrhage >3 ml and the condition of entering the false passage in group A(2 Cases,o cage)were less than those in group B(15 cases.5 cases)(P<0.01 or<0.05).Conclusion The new method in replacing tracheostomy tube which use an input catheter is more security and more availability.

Objective:To explore the value of improved sequential organ failure assessment (ISOFA) in predicting the prognosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis. Methods:The clinical data of 379 patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.They were divided into survival group and death group according to the 28-day prognosis, and the age, gender, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, grade of bacterial resistance, and the occurrence of septic shock of the two groups were compared.Statistical analysis was conducted by using independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test. Risk factors for the prognosis of the disease was analyzed by logistic regression analysis.The correlation between ISOFA and other scoring system including Charlson′s weighted index of comorbidities (WIC), national early warning system (NEWS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ), simplified acute physiology scoreⅡ (SAPSⅡ), mortality in emergency department sepsis score (MEDS), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) was determined by Spearman correlation coefficient.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to compare the evaluation value of each scoring system for the prognosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis. The clinical significance of ISOFA risk stratification was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Results:Among the 379 patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis, 278 were in the survival group and 101 were in the death group.The differences of age, gender, the occurrence of septic shock, grade of bacterial resistance, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, WIC, NEWS, APACHEⅡ, SAPSⅡ, MEDS, SOFA, AGI and ISOFA score between the two groups were all statistically significant ( t=-3.218; χ2=6.781, 24.374 and 27.208, respectively; Z=-3.689, -5.022, -4.396, -4.697, -7.438, -6.348, -6.358, -8.676, -6.680 and -11.658, respectively; all P<0.01). The calculation method of ISOFA was obtained by single factor analysis: ISOFA=SOFA+ 1.5×AGI.Multivariate logistic regression suggested that ISOFA, gender, SOFA, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and bacterial resistance were independent risk factors for the prognosis of the disease. The Spearman correlation coefficients of ISOFA and WIC, NEWS, APACHEⅡ, SAPSⅡ, MEDS and SOFA were 0.327, 0.371, 0.614, 0.564, 0.578 and 0.847, respectively. The AUROC and its 95% confidence interval for WIC, NEWS, MEDS, SAPSⅡ, APACHEⅡ, SOFA alone, SOFA plus AGI, and ISOFA to predict the prognosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis were 0.646 (0.584-0.708), 0.657 (0.597-0.716), 0.712 (0.654-0.771), 0.713 (0.653-0.773), 0.749 (0.693-0.806), 0.788 (0.737-0.838), 0.872 (0.826-0.917) and 0.891 (0.845-0.937), respectively.The results showed that ISOFA had the best predictive effect.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve suggested that there were statistical differences in survival rate among ISOFA low-risk level, medium-risk level, and high-risk level (all P<0.01). Conclusion:ISOFA has important clinical significance in predicting the prognosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis.

Objective To evaluate the effects of modified ultrafiltration on the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-induced lung injury in dogs.Methods Eighteen healthy adult dogs of either sex,weighing 15-20 kg,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =6 each):control group (group C),group CPB and modified ultrafiltration group (group MUF).The dogs were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 2.5％pentobarbital 25 mg/kg.Thoracotomy was performed in all the three groups and in addition lung injury was produced by CPB in CPB and MUF groups.In group MUF,modified ultrafiltration was performed at 10-15 min after termination of CPB.Arterial blood samples were collected before mechanical ventilation (T1),at end of CPB (T2),and at 1 h after termination of CPB (T3) to calculate respiration index (RI) and oxygenation index (OI).The lungs were removed for microscopic examination of pathologic changes in lung tissues under light microscope and for detection of AQP1 mRNA expression by real-time PCR.Results RI and OI were significantly higher and AQP1 mRNA expression was lower at T2 and T3 than at T1 in CPB and MUF groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,RI was significantly increased and AQP1 mRNA expression was down-regulated at T2,3 in CPB and MUF groups,and OI at T2.3 in CPB group and at T2 in MUF group was decreased (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group CBP,RI was significantly decreased,OI was increased and AQP1 mRNA expression was up-regulated at T3 in group MUF (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Modified ultrafiltration can reduce CPB-induced lung injury in dogs and upregulation of AQP1 may be involved in the mechanism.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of Toubiao Qingfei (expelling exterior evil and clearing lung) Decoction (TBQFD) on wind-warm and pulmonary heat syndrome. METHODS: Forty-six subjects were randomized into treatment group and control group. Patients in the control group were treated with Western medicines, while patients in the treatment group were treated with Western medicines and TBQFD. The therapeutic effects and improvement of symptoms in both groups were observed. RESULTS: The durations of fever, cough and absorption of pulmonary inflammatory focus in the treatment group were 1.52, 3.52 and 6.25 days respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: TBQFD can improve the symptoms, such as fever and cough, and can promote the absorption of infection and shorten the clinical course of wind-warm and pulmonary heat syndrome.

Objective To detect the serum levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D[25‐(OH)D] ,homocysteine(HCY) andβ2‐microglob‐ulin(β2‐MG) in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) and to investigate the relationship between serum HCY and β2‐MG with 25‐(OH)D and its clinical significance .Methods A total of 139 cases of T2DM were selected anddivided into 3 groups , the normal albuminuria group for [urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR)< 30 mg/gCr ,45 cases] ,microalbuminuria group (UACR ≥ 30 mg/gCr and < 300 mg/gCr ,48 cases) and massive proteinuria group (UACR ≥ 300 mg/gCr ,46 cases) according to the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) .Other 45 individuals undergoing the physical examination were selected as the con‐trol group .The serum 25‐(OH)D level was measured by electrochemiluminescence .Serum HCY level was determined by the enzy‐matic method .Serum β2‐MG level was measured by the latex enhanced immune turbidity method .At the same time ,the biochemical indicators of FBG ,HbA1C ,serum calcium and phosphorus were measured .Results The serum 25‐(OH)D level was decreased with the increase of urinary albumin in the DM patients .And the serum 25‐(OH)D level in the microalbuminuria group and the massive proteinuria group was significantly decreased compared with the normal albuminuria group and the control group ,the difference was statistically significant(P<0 .01) .The serum HCY and β2‐MG levels in the microalbuminuria group and the massive proteinuria group were significantly increased compared with the healthy control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) . Conclusion The serum 25‐(OH)D level is decreased with the increase of urinary albumin in the diabetic patients .The serum HCY andβ2‐MG levels are increased with the increase of urinary albumin and serum 25‐(OH)D level is negatively correlated with the HCY andβ2‐MG levels .