Objective To investigate the effect of rapid repeated cold air inhalation stimulation on cold-sensitive chan-nel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) associated inflammatory cytokines in living lungs .Methods A total of 20 male Wistar rats were randomly and evenly divided into 4 groups:cold air inhalation group , warm air inhalation group , TRPA1 channel agonist inhalation group and normal group , respectively . Tracheal intubation was carried out after anesthesia in rats of cold air inhalation group , and the tubes were linked to the air temperature controlled device with the temperature controlled at ( 2 ±1 )℃.The rats of warm air inhalation group were treated in the same way as cold air inhalation group except for the temperature at (36 ±1)℃.The rats of both groups were treated for 3 times, 1 hour each time.There were 12 hour intervals between treatments .The rats of TRPA1 channel agonist inhalation group were treated with atomizing inhalation of 60 mmol/L acrolein at room temperature (24 ±2)℃for 3 times, 1 hour each time.There were 12 hour intervals between two treatments .The rats were sacrificed after the last treatment .The tracheas and left lung tissues of all rats were taken and total RNA was extracted .The mRNA expressions of TRPA1, interleukin 1 beta ( IL-1β), interleukin 5(IL-5),and neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine (CXCL-1/KC)in the rat lungs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR .Results TRPA1 was expressed in rat lung tissues .In the short term cold air inhalation group , the expressions of IL-1β,IL-5 and CXCL-1/KC mRNA in the rat lungs were higher than those of the warm air inhalation or the normal groups .Similar results were also found in the specific TRPA 1 channel positive agonist ( acrolein ) inhalation group . Conclusion In living animals, the TRPA1 channels of the lungs can be activated by short-term cold air(<17℃),which results in the increasing expression of some inflammatory cytokines in lungs .

OBJECTIVE To assess the skills and key points with frontal ostium in Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 607 cases of patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery between September, 2004 and December, 2007, 84 cases(147 sides)of patients who underwent Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.The period of follow-up were 7 to 40 months.RESULTS All of 84 cases(147 sides) of patients, frontal ostium drainage was restored in 58 cases(102 sides, 69%), improved in 16 cases(28 sides, 19 percent), invalid in 10 cases(17 sides, 12%).CONCLUSION Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective way for the treatment of chronic frontal sinusitis.Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery is an easy and useful technique to restore the drainage of frontal ostium.

Objective To evaluate the value of MR in the diagnosis of primary splenic lymphoma (PSL).Methods The MR imaging features of 3 PSL cases proved by pathology were retrospectively reviewed. Results Three cases were all pathologically diagnosed as B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL). Two cases were multiple node shape and one was massive shape. Unenhanced MR imaging revealed heterogeneous splenic enlargement, with large nodules showing iso-hyperinternse on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI. Linear hyperintense on T1WI and T2WI was seen on the spleen peripherous. The spleen vascular was infiltrated. CE-MRI showed heterogeneous enhancement of spleen with iso-hypointense. The focus of postperitoneal showed medial enhancement. Immunohistochemistry-showed 2 cases of diffuse B cell. The CD20 and CD19 α of tumor cell showed diffuse( + ) ,CD3 ,CD5 individual( + ) ,CD43 ( + ) ,CD45RO( + ), CD10 ( +/- ), Mum ( + ), MAC387 individual ( + ), 1 case of B lymphocell type, CD79α ( + ) ,CD23( + ) ,CD38( + ) ,λ( + ). Conclusion The MR imaging features of PSL were characteristic and helpful in the diagnosis of PSL, but the correct diagnosis was still dependent on the pathology and immunohistochemical staining.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic transnasal lacrimal duct reconstruction by grafting of autogenous tissue is a novel method for treatment of severe lacrimal duct obstruction and it needs detailed anatomical data for surgery.OBJECTIVE: To study the applied microsurgical anatomy of lacrimal duct and to provide anatomical evidence for endoscopic transnasal lacrimal duct reconstruction by grafting of autoganous tissue.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This study was performed at the laboratory of the Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Police General Hospital from July 2006 to June 2007.MATERIALS: Twenty 10% formaldehyde-treated adult cadaveric heads, 14 males and 6 females, comprising 40 lacrimal ducts were included in this study.METHODS: The cadaveric heads were split on the level of the line between the superior border of the superciliary arch and the site 10 mm higher than occipital tuberosity. After removal of brain tissue,the heads were decalcified for approximate 1 week with 10%nitric acid. This promised non-alteration of morphological structure and facilitation for surgical cutting. Following dissection of facial cranium in the median sagittal plane, the nasal septum was excised to expose the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The anteroposterior diameter and depth of lacrimal fossa; at middle third level, the thickness of lacrimal fossa at the anterior lacrimal crest, vertical middle line, and posterior lacrimal crest; the cross section area of nasolacrimal canal upper opening, middle part, and lower opening; horizontal distance, 30° oblique distance, and 45°oblique distance from lacrimal caruncie to nasal cavity; distance from lacrimal caruncle to nasolacrimal canal upper opening; and the included angle between lacrimal caruncle-nasolacrimal canal upper opening line and Aeby's plane.RESULTS: The length, anteroposterior diameter, and depth of lacrimal fossa were (17.85±1.72) mm, (6.74+1.28) mm, and (3.09+0.78) mm, respectively. At middle third level, the thickness of lacrimal fossa at the anterior lacrimal crest,perpendicular bisector, and posterior lacrimal crest was (4.03±0.89) mm, (0.61±0.36) mm, and (0.63±0.24) mm, respectively.Anterior lacrimal crest was significantly thicker than vertical middle line and posterior lacrimal crest (P ＞ 0.05). Horizontal distance, 30°oblique distance, and 45° oblique distance from lacrimal caruncle to nasal cavity was (17.23±0.70) mm,(14.51±1.72) mm, and (17.34±2.38) mm, accordingly, with a difference which was not significant (P ＞ 0.05). The distance from lacrimal caruncle to lateral wall middle point of nasolacrimal duct superior opening was (11.86±1.84) mm, and the included angle between lacrimal caruncle-lateral wall middle point of nasolacrimal duct superior opening line and Aeby's plane averaged (49.9±1.8)°.CONCLUSION: The distances from lacrimal caruncle to nasal cavity and lacrimal sac and the included angles between lacrimal caruncle-nasolacrimal canal upper opening line and Aeby's plane provide guidance significance for selection of bony opening position on the lateral wall of nasal cavity and determinations of tunnel oblique angle and autogenous tissue length. Creation of bony tunnel should start from the middle or posterior middle part of lacrimal fossa and then extend towards anterior inferior region with an optimal downward oblique angle of 45°. The length of autogenous tissue used for lacrimal duct reconstruction should exceed 21.22 mm.

Objective To investigate the ultrasonic imaging features of thyroid follicular adenoma for conducting the correct diagnosis and differentiation diagnosis.Methods The clinical and imaging data in 64 cases of pathologically proven thyroid follicular adenoma were analyzed on the maximal diameter of tumor,nodularity number,high and low echogenicity,peripheral halo,echo hom-ogeneity,calcifications,and so on.The misdiagnosis causes were investigated.Results The mass was mainly solid or cystic-solid mixed echo.The ultrasonic imaging features of thyroid follicular adenoma were non-peripheral halo or thin wall halo,hyperecho or isoecho,internal macrocalcifications and peripheral calcifications,homogeneous echo structure.Conclusion The ultrasonographic examination can provide the better diagnosis and differentiation diagnosis on thyroid follicular carcinoma.

Objective To explore the relationship between the Interleukin 6 , matrix metalloproteinases 2 and early embryo arrest. Methods Real time-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of IL-6 and MMP-2 and immunohistochemistry (IHC, SP method)was used to measure the location and expression of the two different kinds of protein in villus. ELISA was used to measure the level of IL-6 in serum. Results Real-time PCR and IHC showed that the expression levels of IL-6 was significantly lower in experimental group than in control group, and MMP-2 was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Differenc of IL-6 level in serum between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Proper expressions of IL-6 and MMP-2 in the villus tissue play a key role in the maintenance of early pregnancy.

Objective To investigate the clinical outcome of Ellman grade Ⅲ bursal-side partial-thickness rotator cuff tears(b-PT-RCT)treated by the arthroscopic single-row technique with articular tendon fibers reservation.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 31 patients with Ellman grade Ⅲ (b-PT-RCT) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) with the single-row technique in our hospital between January 2014 and October 2016.The intact articular side tissue of the rotator cuff was reserved in 17 patients of group A,and was resected to convert to a full-thickness cuff tear in 14 patients of group B.The visual analog pain scale(VAS)score,Constant-Murley score and shoulder active range of motion(ROM),and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)results were compared between the two groups during the last follow-up.Results Among the 31 patients,25 were followed,with 14 in group A followed for an average of 16.29(12～25)months and 11 of group B followed for an average of 15.37(12～27)months.There were no significant differences between the two groups in all measurements before the intervention and at the last follow-up.After the operation,significant improvement was observed in all planes of the active ROM for both groups(P＜0.05).The VAS score of group A and B decreased significantly from 6.50 ± 1.16 and 6.63 ± 1.80 before the operation to 0.86 ± 0.57 and 0.91 ± 0.63 at the last follow-up(P＜0.05 for both).However,the average Constant-Murley score improved significantly from 55.21 ± 6.40 to 86.85 ± 4.85 in Group A(P＜0.05),while from 54.37 ± 6.30 to 85.73 ± 5.36 in group B(P＜0.05).During the last follow-up,no retear occurred in both groups according to the MRI examination.Conclusion The outcome of single-row repair for grade Ⅲ bursal-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears with either articular tendon preservation or converting of the lesion to a full-thickness tear is satisfying.No significant differences were found in their clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of lead-exposed astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) on the synaptic formation of neurons and to provide reference for the mechanism of lead neurotoxicity.

METHODSAstrocytes were cultured in the medium containing 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µmol/L lead acetate for 72 h. Alamar Blue was used to assess the cell viability of astrocytes, and then ACM was collected. Primarily cultured neurons were divided into six groups: pure culture group, non-glutamic acid (Glu)-induced ACM treatment group, Glu-induced lead-free ACM treatment group, and Glu-induced 50, 100, and 200 µmol/L lead acetate-exposed ACM treatment groups. Neurons were collected after being cultured in ACM for 24, 48, or 72 h. The content of synaptophysin (SYP) in neurons was determined by Western blot. The SYP expression in neurons was measured by immunofluorescence after being cultured in ACMfor 72 h.

RESULTSIn all lead-exposed groups, the cell viability of astrocytes declined with increasing concentration of lead (P < 0.05). The Western blot showed that compared with the pure culture group, the non-Glu-induced ACM treatment group and Glu-induced lead- free ACM treatment group had significantly increased content of SYP in neurons (P < 0.01); compared with the non-Glu-induced ACM treatment group, the Glu-induced ACM treatment groups had significantly reduced SYP expression in neurons (P < 0.05); compared with the Glu-induced lead-free ACM treatment group, all lead-exposed ACM treatment groups had the content of SYP in neurons significantly reduced with increasing concentration of lead after 72-h culture (P < 0.01), the 200 µmol/L lead-exposed ACM treatment group had significantly reduced content of SYP in neurons after 48-h culture (P < 0.01), and all lead-exposed ACM treatment groups showed no significant changes in the content of SYP in neurons after 24-h culture. Double-labeling immunofluorescence of SYP showed that all lead-exposed ACM treatment groups had a significant decrease in the number of SYP-fluorescent particles after 72-h culture (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAstrocytes promote synaptic formation of neurons, which may be inhibited during lead exposure.

Astrocytes ; drug effects ; physiology ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Lead ; toxicity ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Synapses ; drug effects ; physiology

Background/Aims: Some inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in remission suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms (IBD-IBS). The pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. The study aim is to evaluate relationships among quality of life (QOL), psychological status, and visceral sensitivity, and explore the formation mechanism of IBD-IBS. Methods: Forty-seven patients with Crohn’s disease in remission, 24 ulcerative colitis in remission, 26 IBS, and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. The abdominal pain, QOL, anxiety, and depression were evaluated through questionnaires. Visceral sensitivity was measured by rectal balloon distension. The serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of tryptase, 5-HT, NGF, and related receptors in colonic tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results: Prevalence of IBS-like symptoms in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission was 29.8% and 50.0%, respectively. The QOL was lower, the anxiety/depression scores were higher in IBD-IBS patients than those without IBS-like symptoms. Additionally, patients with IBD-IBS existed visceral hypersensitivity. Besides, abdominal pain was associated with poor QOL, visceral hypersensitivity, anxiety, and depression in IBD-IBS patients. The number of mast cells (MCs) and expressions of 5-HT, NGF, and related receptors were higher in IBD-IBS patients than those with no such symptoms. The serum levels of 5-HT and NGF positively correlated with abdominal pain and visceral hypersensitivity. Conclusion IBD-IBS patients may have low QOL and psychological abnormalities, as wells as visceral hypersensitivity which may be related to increased 5-HT and NGF levels released from activated mast cells.

Background/Aims: Some inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in remission suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms (IBD-IBS). The pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. The study aim is to evaluate relationships among quality of life (QOL), psychological status, and visceral sensitivity, and explore the formation mechanism of IBD-IBS. Methods: Forty-seven patients with Crohn’s disease in remission, 24 ulcerative colitis in remission, 26 IBS, and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. The abdominal pain, QOL, anxiety, and depression were evaluated through questionnaires. Visceral sensitivity was measured by rectal balloon distension. The serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of tryptase, 5-HT, NGF, and related receptors in colonic tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results: Prevalence of IBS-like symptoms in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission was 29.8% and 50.0%, respectively. The QOL was lower, the anxiety/depression scores were higher in IBD-IBS patients than those without IBS-like symptoms. Additionally, patients with IBD-IBS existed visceral hypersensitivity. Besides, abdominal pain was associated with poor QOL, visceral hypersensitivity, anxiety, and depression in IBD-IBS patients. The number of mast cells (MCs) and expressions of 5-HT, NGF, and related receptors were higher in IBD-IBS patients than those with no such symptoms. The serum levels of 5-HT and NGF positively correlated with abdominal pain and visceral hypersensitivity. Conclusion IBD-IBS patients may have low QOL and psychological abnormalities, as wells as visceral hypersensitivity which may be related to increased 5-HT and NGF levels released from activated mast cells.