OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of pathogens from nosocomial infection,and provide reference for the clinical rational use of drugs.METHODS Flora authentication and bacteriostatic test were operated routinely and with microorganism automatic identifier,and supplement bacteriostatic test was operated with Kirby-Bauer method if necessary.Results were judged according to the standard of NCCLS.RESULTS Totally 5 487 pathogens were mainly from phlegm,urine,blood and secretion;the most commonly encountered pathogens were Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter,Staphylococcus aureus and S.epidermidis.The rates were 25.1%,18.6%,8.9%,8.4% and 2.9%,respectively;the rates of drug-resistance to sulperazon and imipenem were all below 22.1%.The positive rates of ESBLs from E.coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae were from 17.3% to 30.3%;Gram-positive cocci′s amikacin-resistant rate and vancomycin-resistant rate were below 7.2% and 2.2%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS E.coli,P.aeruginosa,Acinetobacter,S.epidermidis and Candida albicans are the main pathogens from nosocomial infection;vancomycin is the first choice to treat meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus;sulperazon and imipenem are the first choice to treat zymogenic bacteria and non-fermentative bacilli infection.

Objective To analyze the changes of PAIgG, CD62P, CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+Tr,and IL-18 before and after treatment in peripheral blood of children with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) and investigate the function of these factors in the pathogenesis of ITP.Methods Forty-one cases of acute ITP children were divided into the effective group(35cases) and the ineffective group (6cases) according to the clinical treatment. To detect PAIgG,CD62P,and the number of Tr cells by using flow cytometry ,IL-18 plasma levels by ELISA assay,and analyze the variations of these indicators before and after treatment in children with acute ITP. Results In the effective treatment group, PAIgG, CD62P before treatment were 53.05%,(14.18±5.04 )%, which were significantly higher than that after treatment [18.62%, ( 8.36±1.95 )%] and control group[5.26%,(2.65±0.59) %,all P<0.01],and PAIgG,CD62P after treatment were also higher than that in control group [all P<0.05].IL-18,CD4 + T lymphocytes, Tr/CD4+T-lymphocyte ratios before treatment [415.47 ±38.92 ) ng/L,( 25.64 ± 5.81 )%,( 2.67 ± 0.14 )%]were significantly lower than that after treatment [(512.85±42. 17)ng/L,(35.08±6.07)% ,(4.76±0.58)%] and control group[(506. 39±32.28) ng/L,(35.32±2.27)% ,(5.37 ±0.69)% ,all P<0.01]. IL-18, CD4 +T lymphocytes, Tr/CD4 +T-lymphocyte ratios after treatmenthad no statistically significant difference compared with control group( all P<0.05 ). In ineffective group, the test results of PAIgG, CD62P, IL-18, CD4 +T lymphocytes, Tr/CD4+ T-lymphocyte ratios showed no significant change before and after treatment( all P<0.05 ).IL-18 had negative correlations with PAIgG,CD62P respectively before and after treatment(all P<0.05 ). Tr cells / CD4 + T had negative correlations with PAIgG,CD62P respectively (all P<0.05). Conclusions The amount of Tr, IL-18 were reduced, while CD62P and PAIgG increased in peripheral blood of children with acute ITP. IL-18, Tr , CD62P and PAIgG play important roles in the pathogenesis of acute ITP.

OBJECTIVE To investigate deep fungal hospital infection and methods of its decreasing. METHODS Case histories of near 3 years of hospitalized patients from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004 were analyzed according to Diagnosis Standard of Nosocomical Infection under the items,such as the patients,age,underlying disease,sample,strain,and species distribution. RESULTS There were 360 fungus strains belonged to 15 species in all samples;the patients age was 14-94 with 20 kinds of various underlying diseases;the fungi included Candida albicans,and C.tropicalis,accounted for 61.1% and 17.2%,respectively;the samples were sputum,urine,vaginal secretion,BLA,throat swab and pus,which were 42.2%,21.1%,13.9%,8.4%,5.8%,and 3.6%,respectively;the respiratory department,ICU,and urology department were mainly involved. CONCLUSIONS To prevent fungal infection, measures such as hospital′s environment and management including reasonable use of antibiotics play a great role in monitoring hospital fungal infection and its epidemiology.

ObjectiveTo investigate the consistency between the results of passive particle agglutination test ( PPA ) and ELISA on Mycoplasma pneumonia ( M.pneumonia ) infection.Study the diagnostic value of both assays.Methods From November 2010 to May 2011,the serum samples of ]191 patients with respiratorysymptoms were collected fromAffiliatedHospitalof JiningMedical University.All samples were tested for antibody levels against M.pneumonia using PPA,and for IgM,IgG,IgA subclass using ELISA.The correlation between the results of two methods was evaluated by Kappa test and Spearman rank correlation analysis.The variances of the antibody subclasses among samples with different PPA titers and different age groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test.The infection status of patients was analyzed based on ELISA results and the clinical relevance of both assays was evaluated in comparison with clinical diagnosis for samples with high PPA titer.ResultsThe level of agreement between the results of PPA and ELISA was 84.3％,with Kappa value of 0.642 ( P ＜0.01 ).The prevalence of IgM and IgA antibody against M.pneumonia was significantly different among samples with various PPA titers ( P ＜0.05 ).The prevalence of IgM subclass was higher in chill and teeuager groups,while that of IgA and IgG were higher in elderly group.Antibody isotyping results suggested that 58.1％ of PPA positive samples (75 cases),especially 96.4％ of samples with high PPA titer ( 27 cases),were of current infection,which was in consistent with clinical diagnosis.ConclusionPPA showed good consistency with ELISA on diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infection.Antibody subclass determination hy ELISA indicates disease progression,thus to differentiate current infection from past.

Objective To study the mechanism of pulmonary injury and protective effect of modified ultrafiltration on lung function in infant open heart surgery.Methods According to the wishes of parents,40 cases of congenital heart disease were divided into without modified ultrafiltration control group (C) and modified ultrafiltration group (M),and parents signed informed consent.The cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was used without ultrafiltration in Group C,while with modified ultrafiltration in group M.The pneumodynamic parameters and C3a,C5a,TXA2,LT were measured at specific time points.Results The static pulmonary compliance (Cstat) and oxygen index (OI) were lower,and alveolar-arteria oxygen difference (AaDO2) was higher after CPB in the two groups(P ＜ 0.05).At T3,T4 and T5 time points,the Cstat and OI in Group M was higher than that in Group C; AaDO2 in Group M was lower than that in Group C (P ＜0.05).The levels of C3a and C5a were lower after CPB in the two groups; levels of TXA2,LT were higher after CPB in the C groups.At T2,T3,T4 and T5 time points,the TXA2 and LT in Group M were lower than that in Group C(P ＜0.05).Conclusions The pulmonary injury in pediatric open heart surgery may be concerned with the the alexin(C3a,C5a) activation and I/R.The level of C3a and C5a was considered earlier index of inflammatory reaction and pulmonary injury.Modified ultrafiltration improves pulmonary function due to elevating coloid osmotic pressure and degrading the plasma level of TXA2,LT.

Objective To evaluate dynamic graciloplasty (DGP) for canine in situ anal reconstruction. Methods Seventeen dogs were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. In control group, on the stage 1, the gracilis muscle were dissected in situ, manometry performed intraoperatively; In experimental group, the gracilis muscle were dissected in situ and stimulated chronically starting 7 days postoperatively. On stage 2, abdominoperineal resection of anus and graciloplasty for anal reconstruction were performed in two groups. After 2 weeks recovery, manometry and muscular fatigue-resistant curve (MFRC) were observed while myostimulator is switched off and on. The muscle of neosphincter was biopsied. Results After chronic low frequency electrical stimulation (CLFS), the percentage of type Ⅰ fibers in the stimulation group was higher than the control group (P0.05), but functioning neosphincter pressure is different significantly (P

ObjectiveTo study the apoptosis of CD4 + T lymphocytes and the detection of immune function in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and explore the clinical significance.MethodsThe mononuclear cells were separated from the blood of the tuberculosis patients or the healthy.The flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of apoptotic CD4 + T lymphocytes,and the standard of T-lymphocyte subsets were detected by using SAP technology.The red cell immune function were determined by using yeast wreath way.Results The apoptosis rate of CD4 + T lymphocytes and CD8 + T lymphocyte was ( 15.882 ± 4.65 ) ％,and (27.69 ± 0.74) ％.The Immune complex positive rate ( 19.40 ± 0.58) ％ in patients with tuberculosis was significantly higher than those in controls ( P ＜ 0.01 ).C3b receptor positive rate in red blood cells was ( 17.73 ± 0.63 ) ％,( 46.48 ± 1.34 ) ％ in CD3 + T lymphocyte,( 28.12 ±0.69 ) ％ in CD4 + T lymphocyte,and the ratio of CD4/CD8 ( 1.0223 ± 0.09362) in the patients with tuberculosis was lower than the control group( P ＜ 0.01 ).There were certain relationships between the apoptosis rate of CD4 + T lymphocytes and the percentages of CD4 + T lymphocyte,the standard of T lymphocyte subsets and the red cell immune function.ConclusionsThe apoptosis rate of CD4 + T lympho,cytes in patients with tuberculosis were significantly higher than the healthy,which led to reducing the number of CD4 + T lymphocytes.There was positive correlation between red cell immunity and T-lymphocyte immunity,and the immunity in red cell and T- lymphocyte was lower than normal controls,which may be related to the immune pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective To assess the clinical diagnostic value of sputum fungal culture combined with serum galactomannan (GM) antigen detection in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Methods A total of 567 cases, because of respiratory symptoms and/or suspected aspergillosis infection, admitted into the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January to December 2016 were enrolled, the positive rate of pulmonary aspergillosis infection was determined by sputum culture and serum GM test, the values of single sputum culture and the combination of the culture and GM test for diagnosis of IPA were analyzed, and the differences in the positive rates of pulmonary aspergillus determined by GM test and traditional methods [chest computed tomography (CT), sputum culture and blood culture] were compared. At the same time, when fever patients had treated for 3-4 days, the results were ineffective, antifungal therapy was applied according to the disease condition and the results of auxiliary examinations (chest CT, sputum culture and GM test), and the effect of antifungal therapy was observed. Results The serum GM test was positive in 85 cases, and sputum fungal culture was positive in 226 cases, there were 108 cases presenting positive and 148 cases negative in both culture and GM test; the diagnosis of IFD was confirmed in 186 cases (32.8%), clinical diagnosis was made in 107 (18.9%) cases, suspected in 131 (23.1%) cases and excluded in 143 cases (25.2%). Compared with single sputum fungal culture, the sensitivity [98.2% (108/110) vs. 20.4% (46/226)], specificity [85.1% (148/174) vs. 45.1% (148/328)], positive predictive value [80.6% (108/134) vs. 37.1% (46/124)] and negative predictive value [98.1% (148/151) vs. 63.0% (148/235)] of combination method of GM test and sputum fungal culture for diagnosis of IPA were obviously higher; the positive rate of GM test for the detection of pulmonary aspergillus infection was significantly higher than that of traditional methods of chest CT, sputum culture and blood culture [64.7% (55/85) vs. 35.7% (35/98), 20.4% (46/226), 4.8% (14/292)], and the GM value being 0.5 as the positive critical value for the diagnosis of IPA can provide desirable sensitivity and specificity. In this study, 186 patients with pulmonary aspergillus infection had completed the antifungal treatment. The effective rates of antifungal treatment 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after treatment were not significantly changed with the prolongation of the therapeutic time [75.4% (135/179), 77.1% (111/144), 77.2% (31/79), 82.6% (19/23)], but the contents of serum GM was significantly lowered compared with that before treatment [absorbance (A) value: 0.49±0.03, 0.46±0.03, 0.39±0.03, 0.23±0.03 vs. 0.56±0.03, all P < 0.05], the number of positive cases was also decreased (186, 179, 144, 79, 23 respectively), so dynamic GM tests can help observe the therapeutic effect. Conclusion The study results showed: serum GM antigen detection combined with sputum fungal culture can significantly improve the clinical diagnostic efficiency for patients with pulmonary aspergillus infection.

Objective:To explore the expression and clinical significance of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) in children with different severity levels of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection.Methods:A total of 140 children with MP infection who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January to June 2022 were selected as the observation group, while 100 healthy children who underwent physical examination were selected as the control group. The serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), HO-1, and relative expression of NQO-1 protein were compared between the control group and the observation group, as well as between children with different degrees of MP infection, Forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), 50% forced expiratory flow rate and maximum mid expiratory flow rate (MEF 25-70), 50% forced expiratory flow rate (MEF 50), and 25% forced expiratory flow rate (MEF 25). Pearson correlation method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of HO-1 and NQO-1 with inflammatory factors and lung function indicators. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the value of HO-1 and NQO-1 expression in predicting severe MP. Results:The serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and HO-1 in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05), while the relative expression level of NQO-1 protein was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P<0.05). The FVC, FEV 1, PEF, MEF 25-70, MEF 50, and MEF 25 in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and HO-1 in the observation group of severe children were significantly higher than those in mild children (all P<0.05), while the relative expression of NQO-1 protein, FVC, FEV 1, PEF, MEF 25-70, MEF 50, and MEF 25 were significantly lower than those in mild children (all P<0.05). HO-1 in children with MP infection is positively correlated with IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, while the relative expression level of NQO-1 protein is negatively correlated with IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ (all P<0.05); HO-1 was negatively correlated with MEF 50 and MEF 25, while the relative expression level of NQO-1 protein was positively correlated with MEF 50 (all P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve for predicting the relative expression levels of HO-1 and NQO-1 proteins in severe MP was 0.871 and 0.934, respectively (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The expression of serum HO-1 and NQO-1 in children with MP infection is correlated with cytokines and lung function indicators, and has certain application value in predicting severe illness.

Objective:To explore the establishment and assessment of the depression model of adult SD rats induced by early maternal infant separation stress combined with adult chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS), and to observe the behavior and synaptic protein expression of SD rats.Methods:Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CON group), chronic unpredictable stress group (CUMS group), maternal infant separation combined with chronic unpredictable stress group (MS + CUMS group). The depression model of rats in cums group was established by CUMS, and the depression model of rats in MS + CUMS group was established by maternal infant separation + CUMS. The depression model was evaluated by body mass and appearance observation, sugar water preference experiment, open field test and forced swimming test.Synapse-associated proteins (PSD-95 and synaptophysin (Syn)) of the hippocampus were assayed using Western blot. Syn protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry.Results:After modeling, compared with CON group, the rats in CUMS group and MS + CUMS group had significantly lower body mass((126.43±3.88) g, (91.04±3.85) g, (69.89±6.67) g; t=5.03, 8.03, both P<0.01), significantly lower sugar water preference((94.21±0.56)%, (79.30±1.13)%, (72.73±1.82)%; t=8.24, 11.87, both P<0.01) and significantly increased immobility time((3.50±0.84)s, (13.59±2.40)s, (15.70±2.97)s; t=3.16, 3.82, both P<0.01). Among them, the body mass and sugar water preference of MS + CUMS group were lower than those of CUMS group ( t=3.00, 3.63; both P<0.01). (2)The center time of the rats in MS+ CUMS group markedly reduced compared with that of CON group((21.41±4.65) s, (8.96±2.37) s; t=2.66, P<0.05). (3)In the immunohistochemistry experiment, compared with the CON group, the percentage of Syn positive area in hippocampus of rats in CUMS group and MS+ CUMS group decreased significantly ((24.42±0.76)%, (14.00±0.95)%, (10.38±1.38)%; t=6.93, 9.33, P<0.01). (4)The results of Western blot showed that compared with CON group, both the expression of PSD-95 ((1.18±0.02), (0.74±0.06), (0.52±0.05), t=6.29, 9.31; both P<0.05) and Syn ((1.12±0.08), (0.95±0.06), (0.90±0.07); t=3.10, 4.04; both P<0.05) in hippocampus of rats in CUMS group and MS+ CUMS group were significantly decreased.And compared with the CUMS group, the expression of PSD-95 in MS+ CUMS group was lower( t=0.93, P<0.05). Conclusion:The method of MS combined with CUMS can effectively induce depression like behavior and decrease the expression of synaptic plasticity related protein of hippocampus in rats.