Objective To discuss the ultrasonic anatomy of gastrocnemius and its substructures in normal population. Methods Eighty gastrocnemius in 40 volunteers were scanned by real time high frequency ultrasound. Sonograms of medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius were acquired. Plume angles between medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius were measured at condition of rest, 5 kg and 10 kg isometric contraction. Both dominant and non-dominant legs were evaluated. Differences of plume angles were compared by ANOVA in different conditions and by t test in different legs. Results At the upper part of the muscle, both medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius could be divided into muscular compartment, shallow compartment and deep compartment by hyperechoic intra-muscular septa with clear margin. The septa of lateral heads presented as hyperechoic side-lying′T′, while the septa of medial heads presented as hyperechoic side-lying-′T′. Vascular signals could be detected in these hyperechoic septa. The plume angle at the distal part of the lateral head of gastrocnemius was composed of shallow compartment attaching to the Achilles tendon, and that of the medial head was composed of medial muscular compartment attaching to the tendon. At rest, 5 kg and 10 kg isometric contraction, plume angles of lateral heads were (13.36±3.20)°, (13.32±3.30)° and (12.75±3.20)°, and plume angles of medial heads were (8.69±3.30)°, (8.59±2.99)° and (8.65±3.20)°. Under the same condition, plume angles of medial heads were larger than those of lateral heads and the difference was statistically signiifcant (t=9.09, 9.50 and 8.10, all P<0.01). Changes of plume angles between rest and different weight bearing conditions were small, and differences were not statistically signiifcant (F=0.89 and 0.02, P=0.41 and 0.98). Plume angles of medial heads in dominant legs and non-dominant legs were (13.66±3.60)° and (13.30±2.84)°, and those of lateral heads were (8.71±3.48)° and (8.80±3.35)°. The plume angles of medial heads were larger in dominant legs than those in non-dominant legs, while the plume angles of lateral heads were smaller in dominant legs than those in non-dominant legs. However, both differences were not statistically signiifcant (t=0.70 and 0.87, P=0.48 and 0.17). Conclusions The anatomical characteristics of medial and lateral heads and compartments of gastrocnemius can be clearly depicted by high frequency ultrasound. Plume angles can also be accurately measured.

Objective To explore the feasibility of virtual touch tissue quantification(VTQ) technique in noninvasive assessment of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS).Methods Twenty-four patients were enrolled in this study.Shear wave velocity(SWV) of the liver and spleen were obtained by VTQ technique on one day before TIPSS insertion and one week after TIPSS placement,and the portal vein pressure was measured while placing the TIPSS.The correlation between SWV of the liver and spleen and portal venous pressure were analysed.In addition,fourteen patients were followed up for one month after TIPSS placement.Results There was significant difference in portal vein pressure pre [(27.82 ± 4.07) mm Hg] and post [(16.26-± 3.10) mm Hg] TIPSS insertion.The SWV of the liver in patients pre and post TIPSS measured (2.43 ± 0.37)m/s and (2.40 ± 0.34)m/s,respectively.The SWV of the spleen in patients pre and post TIPSS were (3.49 ± 0.40)m/s and (3.08 ± 0.39)m/s,respectively,there was significant difference (P =0.000).However,SWV of the liver pre and post TIPSS placement was no significant difference(P =0.130).And as well as the patients which were followed up for one month after TIPSS placement.A significant,direct,linear correlation(r =0.602,P =0.000) was found between SWV of the spleen and portal vein pressure,but liver SWV was not correlated with the portal venous pressure.Conclusions SWV of the spleen measured by VTQ technique has a significant correlation with portal vein pressure.Hence,the spleen SWV based on VTQ technique can be used as a non-invasive method for quantitatively in monitoring the portal vein pressure as the function of the TIPSS.However,evidence to support a similar role for liver stiffness is lacking.

Objective To know the present situation and the different humanistic caring abilities among college nursing students,so as to provide reference for education training strategy of nursing humanity care.Methods A total of 396 college nursing students were investigated by using the nursing students' humanistic caring ability scale.Results The total score of nursing students' humanistic caring ability was (110.85±21.57),with a scoring rate of 61.59％.Statistically significant differences of humanistic caring ability were found among students of different education levels,different genders and different colleges.Conclusions The level of nursing students' humanistic caring ability was low,so nursing schools and clinical teaching hospitals should strengthen the training of students' humanistic caring ability according to the characteristics of different education level,and take effective training strategies to improve college nursing students' humanistic caring ability.

To establish a HepG2 cell line ,which stably expressing CYP3A29 of Bama miniature pig in order to evaluate the drug metabolic characteristics of this isoenzyme,the gene for this system was obtained through total RNA extraction and RT-PCR assay.the gene was subcloned into plasmid PMD18-T,designated as pMD-CYP3A29.This gene was then amplified by PCR, and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+),and the recombinant plasmid was designated as pcDNA-CYP3A29. Sequencing was used to confirmed the correctness of the gene of this gene.the expressed gene was then transfected into HepG2 cells by lipid-media transfection and the transformants were screened by G418 for 10 generations ;the expression of CYP3A29 was identified by RT-PCR、West-blot and the metabolic activity of the transformant HepG2-CYP3A29 was verified by nifedipine oxidation.In comparison with HepG2, the transformant HepG2-CYP3A29 showed remarkable oxidative activity.It is apparent that the cell line stably expressing CYP3A29 isoenzyme was successfully established, and it may be used for the metabolic study of related drugs.

Objective To understand the implementation of preventive measures for iodine deficiency disorders among residents in Yunnan Province.Methods Iodized salt monitoring database and reports from states (cities) of Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2015 were collected,and the coverage rate of iodized salt,the quality of iodized salt,the rate of qualified iodized salt consumption were evaluated.Results From 2011 to 2015,at the province level,the coverage rate of iodized salt was ＞ 98％.The rate of qualified iodized salt consumption was ＞ 97％ from 2011 to 2012,and kept at higher than 95％ from 2013 to 2015.At the county level,the county (city,district) coverage rate of qualified iodized salt that ≥90％ accounted for 99.22％ (128/129),98.44％ (126/128),91.47％ (118/129),92.25％ (119/129) and 99.22％ (128/129).The constitute ratio of salt containing 18-33 mg/kg iodine increased year by year,from 64.07％ (24 297/37 923) in 2011 to 95.15％ (36 930/38 813) in 2015.Conclusions In recent years,measures for control of iodine deficiency disorders are implemented well in Yunnan Province.After production of new standard iodized salt in 2012,the rate of qualified iodized salt consumption is decreased.After the four-year transition period,the new standard iodized salt has covered over the whole province.To rectify salt market,improve quality of iodized salt and enhance monitoring quality in order to consolidate the control achievements is the focus of prevention work in the future.

Objective To evaluate the performance of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ)technique in noninvasive assessment of esophageal varices (EV) in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods One hundred and thirty-five patients were enrolled in this study.Liver shear wave velocity (LSWV) and spleen shear wave velocity (SSWV) were obtained by VTQ technique,and the detection of EV was performed by upper endoscopy per patient.The severity of EV was staged on a G1-G3 scale.Liver function was also tested.ResultsThe mean value of LSWV in patients with cirrhosis was (2.48±0.50)m/s,LSWV was not correlated with the stage of EV.The mean value of SSWV was (3.25 ± 0.44) m/s,a significant,direct,linear correlation ( r =0.66,P＜0.001 ) was found between SSWV and the stage of EV.The cut-off value of SSWV for predicting the presence of EV was 3.16 m/s and the area under ROC curve was 0.83,with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.83 and 0.80,respectively.The cut-off value of SSWV for predicting severe EV was 3.39m/s and the area under ROC curve was 0.84,with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.83 and 0.77,respectively.ConclusionsIn cirrhotic patients infected with hepatitis B virus,SSWV measured by VTQ technique can be used as a noninvasive method for determining the presence and the severity of EV,however evidence to support a similar role for LSWV is lacking.

Objective To apply special staining techniques in pathological diagnosis of fungal infections in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods Pathological data of 20 HIV/AIDS patients complicated with fungi infections in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center during February 2010 and November 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE),Periodic acidSchiff (PAS) and methenamine silver nitrate (MSN),and the sections were observed under optical microscope.Results Among 20 HIV/AIDS patients complicated with fungi infections,2 were infected with pulmonary cryptococcosis; 3 were penicillium marneffei infections in skin,lung and abdominal mesenteric lymph nodes; 5 were histoplasma capsulatum infections in epiglottis,neck lymph nodes,oral cavity,abdominal cavity and skin; 4 were aspergillus infections in maxillary sinus,lung and vocal cords,and 3 of them were combined with tuberculous lesions; 6 were candida albicans infections in liver,pharynx,esophagus and stomach.In tissues stained with HE the infiltration of inflammatory cells,granuloma formation and coagulative necrosis were observed,and the shape of fungi needed careful observation to avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.In tissues stained with PAS,fungal spores and pseudohypha were presented in bright amaranth,and cell nucleus was in purple-blue.In tissues stained with MSN,fungal spores and pseudohypha were identified clearly in brown-black.Conclusion HE plus PAS and MSN staining will help pathological diagnosis of fungi infection.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of combination of Dahuang Mugong decoction(DMD,大黄牡公汤) and sequential colon dialysis in treatment of chronic renal failure(CRF) and explore its potential mechanism.Methods: Nintyeight patients with CRF were treated with sequential colon dialysis and DMD.Besides the observation on the clinical symptoms and signs,the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(SCr),uric acid(UA),serum phosphorus((SP),inorganic),Ca~(2+) and(albumin)(Alb) were measured with autoanalysis machine and the optical density(A_(450) value) of medium molecule substance(MM) with(nephelometer) between pre treatment and posttreatment.Results: The(accumulated) score of the clinical symptoms and signs were decreased with the combination of DMD and(sequential) colon dialysis(P

The three-in-one immunoaffinity column ( IAC ) for the determination of aflatoxin B1 ( AFB1 )-zearalenone (ZEN)-deoxynivalenol (DON) was prepared with rProtein A-sepharose 4B as the column matrix. The comprehensive performance ( such as nonspecific adsorption, column blank, column capacity, column efficiency and sample standard addition recovery rate) was evaluated and investigated. The results showed that, the column capacities of AFB1 , ZEN, DON were 295 ng per 0. 25 mL gel, 905 ng per 0. 25 mL gel, 2342 ng per 0. 25 mL gel, respectively, and the column blank was 0. The average recoveries of AFB1 , ZEN and DON were 97. 4%, 98. 0% and 98. 4%, respectively. By optimizing conditions, the samples were extracted using the mixture of methanol and water (80:20, V/V), and diluted with phosphate buffered saline (contain 0. 1% Tween-20, PBST). The detection results of FAPAS (Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme) by different batch three-in-one columns were close to the target value. The prepared three-in-one immunoaffinity column which could take the place of conventional single immunoaffinity column was able to meet the requirement for treatment of food and feed samples, and lay a foundation for one step enrichment, purification and detection of multi-mycotoxins.

Objective To establish the population pharmacokinetics(PPK)model of Lamotrigine(LTG)in children with epilepsy in China for promoting individualized dosage regimen. Methods The sparse data of LTG serum concentrations from 60 pediatric patients with epilepsy were collected. One hundred and fourteen serum concentration points were divided into LTG+valproic acid (VPA) group(n=56),LTG+enzymatic inducer(E1)group(n=26),LTG+EI+VPA group(n=16)and single LTG group(n=16).The serum drug concentrations were the clinical routinely tested steadv state concentrations.The LTG PPK parameters were calculated using the non-parametric expectation maximization(NPEM) Program of USC*PACK software,and then a PPK model was established. Based on this model,LTG serum concentrations were predicted with Bayesian fitting program of USC*PACK software.Mean prediction error(MPE)and mean squared prediction error(MSPE) were calculated to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the concentration prediction and to valid the PPK model.Results The greatest likelihood was-192.87.Optimum PPK parameters were:Ka=(1.97 1.66)h~(-1);Vs=(1.07±0.89)L/kg;Kel=(0.05±0.05)h~(-1).The linear regression function Y_(OBS)=-0.09+1.05 Y_(PRED)(R~2=0.98,P<0.001),and determination of coefficient was 0.98.MPE was-0.16 g/mL,and MSPE was 0.28(μg/mL)~2.Conclusion A PPK model of LTG in children with epilepsy in China can be successfully established using the USC*PACK software, based on which LTG serum concentrations can be predicted accurately with a Bayesian approach.