Measurements were made from different landmarks of the superior and inferior alveolar arches in 197 skulls and in 243 mandibles. The data were divided into four groups: 2-5 years old(only deciduous teeth in occlusion); 6-12 years old(first permanent molars in occlusion, but not second molars); 12-17 years old (second permanent molars in occlusion, but not third molars); adults (third molars in occlusion, not including the aged). The results from the observation of the adult specimens are as follows:The indices of alveolar arches are about 118.2 in maxilla; 77.6 in mandible.The average distances from Prosthion (incision in mandible) to Canine point are 19.6mm (left side), 19.8mm (right side) in maxilla; 13.8mm (left side), 14.0mm (right side) in mandible.The distances from canine point to ectomolare (the lateral most margin of the al veolar cavities of second molars in maxilla; of third molars in mandible) are about 33.7mm (left and right sides) in maxilla; 43.7mm (left side), 44.5mm (right side). in mandible.The convergence distance of alveolar arches is 42.9mm in maxilla; 26.4mm in mandible and the convergence angle is 51.5? in mandible; 43.1? in maxilla.It was found that most of the superior and inferior alveolar arches were asymmetrical, the percentages of asymmetry being 82.2 in maxilla and 67.0 in mandible of adults.

0.05, E tube), and increased by 177% and 212% with mechanical stimulation (bubbling) at 30th min and 60th min (P

Whether the sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis has important clinical significance for the therapy and prognosis of tumor. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has became the most accurate clinical method to confirm the status of sentinel lymph node. And the key of the success of SLNB is the localization of SLN. The methods used to locate SLN mainly are blue dye tracer method, radionuclide tracer technique, blue dye tracer method combined with radionuclide tracer technique, indirect lymphography, NIR imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. This article demonstrates the principle, application method and contrast agents of the indirect lymphography and the application in head and neck tumor.
Contrast Media ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Lymphography ; Prognosis ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Objective:To study the residual stress distribution through the thickness of bilayered dental ceramic subjected to thermal stress, in order to improve the restoration. Methods: The finite element model of bilayered dental ceramic was set up based on International Organization for Standardization(ISO) 96936:1999. The residual stresses were calculated in viscoelastic and elastic phases during cooling of dental ceramic to analyze the residual stress distribution. Results: The deformation of core was greater than the veneer ceramics during the cooling period of dental ceramic. The residual stress increased with the decreasing of the temperature approaching the interface of core and veneer ceramics. But it decreased with the increasing of the thickness of veneer ceramics.Conclusion: Thermal compatibility of core and veneer ceramics is very important to the residual stress distribution in the bilayered dental ceramic, which may benefit to All-ceramic restorations. The viscoelastic behavior of ceramic should be taken into account in the thermal compatibility.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of low-volume TURP on patients with BPH. Methods A total of 76 high-risk patients with BPH were treated with either standard TURP (Group 1,n=39) or low-volume TURP(Group 2,n=37).The operative duration,blood loss,postoperative irrigation time,IPSS,Qmax,postvoid urine residual volume (PURV) were comparatively evaluated. Results In Groups 1 and 2,the operation durations were (67.5?18.2)min and (16.4?3.5)min (P= 0.011);blood loss,(158.4?47.3)ml and (54.7?25.2)ml (P=0.013);postoperative irrigation time (4.9?1.8)d and (1.3?0.5)d (P=0.029);IPSS change (19.3?7.6) and (15.3?9.7)(P=0.46);Qmax (13.4?8.8)ml/s and (11.7?9.1)ml/s (P=0.79);PURV (134.9?68.6)ml and (163.8? 94.5)ml (P=0.17) respectively.31 cases in Group 2 (low-volume TURP) were followed up for 2 to 18 months (mean,10 months) with satisfactory results. Conclusions The low-volume TURP is effective and characterized by shorter operative duration,minimal-invasion and better tolerance for the high-risk patients with BPH.

Objective To establish a new method for determination of copper, nickel, silver, lead, cadmium and mercury in water with solid phase extraction followed by rapid high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The copper, nickel, silver, lead, cadmium and mercury ions were pre-column derived by tera-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-porphine (T4-DMAPP). These chelates were enriched by solid phase extraction with C18 cartridge and the 100 times enriched products of were obtained. The chelates were separated on a ZORBAX Stable Bound (4.6 mm?50 mm, 1.8 ?m) by gradient elution with methanol and THF as mobile phase at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and detected with photodiode array detector from 350-600 nm. Results The detection limits of nickel, copper, silver, lead, cadmium, and mercury were 3, 2, 4, 3, 1.5 and 3 ng/L respectively, the recovery rates were 92%-104%, relative standard deviations were 2.8%-3.5%. Conclusion This method can be applied to the determination of nickel, copper, silver, lead, cadmium, and mercury in water with good results.

Purpose:To investigate effect on bcl-2 and bax expression in apoptic PGCl_(3) cells and to study the mechanism of apoptosis of PGCl_(3) cells induced by death associated protein kinase(DAPK).Methods:Eukaryotic express vector pcDNA3.1-DAPK was tranfected into High-metastasis Non-small Lung Cancer Cell PGCl_(3).Changes of bcl2 and bax expression were detected with RT-PCR.Phospharation of Bcl-2 was examined with Westernblotting.Results:It was demonstrated that bcl-2 expression was down regulated,but bax expression did not change in apoptosis of PGCl_(3) cells induced by DAPK.Level of Phospharation of Bcl-2 increased.Conclusions:Apoptosis of PGCl_(3) cells induced by over-expression of DAPK may be associated with down regulating of bcl-2 expressio and increase of phospharation of Bcl-2.

Objective To detect the clinical characters and the classification of the congenital retinal vascular anomalies. Methods Nine cases (12 eyes) of congenital retinal vascular anomalies were exa- mined by ocular examination and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), in which 3 cases (4 eyes) were examined by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) simultaneously. Results The congenital retinal vascular anomalies were located at the posterior pole in 8 cases (10 eyes), and extended to peripheral retina in 1 case (2 eyes). Congenital retinal vascular anomalies were classified as follows: congenital retinal macrovessel (1 case, 1 eye); congenital retinal arteriolar tortuosity (2 cases, 3 eyes); inherited retinal venous beading (1 case, 2 eyes); and congenital prepapillary vascular loops (5 cases, 6 eyes). Four cases (5 eyes) were associated with spontaneous hemorrhage induced by physical exertion (Valsalva maneuver). Conclusion Most of the congenital retinal anomalies are located at the posterior pole, involving arteries and veins, and can be associated with spontaneous hemorrhage induced by Valsalva maneuver.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the ocular fundus of Chinese patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods The photographs of ocular fundus of 42 Chinese patients (48 eyes) with PCV diagnosed by fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were analyzed. Results In 48 eyes with PCV, 35 (72.9%) had subretinal hemorrhage, 13 (27.1%) had yellow-white exudation, 7 (14.6%) had subretinal tuberculum-like focus in tangerine peel at the posterior pole, and 26 (54.2%) had hemorrhagic or serous pigment epithelium detachment (PED). Thirty-six eyes (75.0%) had polypoidal dilations with branching vascular network, and the other 12 (25.0%) had scattered polypoidal dilations without identifiable continuous branching vascular network. The location for these lesions were at the macular region in 30 eyes (62 5%), arcade region in 6 (12.5%), peripapillary region in 3 (6.3%), and combination region in 9 (18.8%). Conclusions Most of the lesions in Chinese patients with PCV locate at the macular region and temporal vascular arcade. Most eyes are characterized by branching choroidal vessels with polyplike terminal aneurysmal dilations in ICGA.

Objective To observe the changes of disease course and the prognosis of visual acuity of Chinese patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods Visual acuity and fundus photochromes of 20 eyes of 15 consecutive patients with PCV were followed up with a mean of 19.1 months (range from 2 to 64 months), in which the fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) of 14 eyes of 10 patients were followed up with a mean of 21.0 (range from 3 to 53) months. Results Among the 20 eyes, the visual acuity was more than 0.3 in 5 eyes (25.0%), between 0.1 and 0.2 in 6 (30 0%) and less than 0.1 in 9 (45.0%). During the follow-up, the visual acuity was improved in 2 (10.0%), stable in 10 (50.0%) and regressed in 8 (40.0%). Only 1 eye (5.0%) developed to macula scar. The result of ICGA revealed the polypoidal lesions that were unchanged in 4 eyes(28.6%), regressed in 2 (14.3%), grew in 6 (42.7%), repeatedly grew and spontaneously regressed in 6 (42.7%). Conclusions There is a large variation in the visual prognosis in Chinese patients with PCV. The polypoidal lesions can repeatedly grow and spontaneously regress in the natural course.