Objective To investigate the correlation of homoeysteine (Hcy) and blood glucose level with type 2 diabetic fundus lesions.Methods Sixty patients with type 2 diabetic fundus lesions were selected and grouped as the diabetic fundus lesions group from February of 2011 to October of 2012,and 40 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited as the diabetes group,40 healthy volunteer were recruited as the control group.Glycosylated hemoglobin Alc(HbAlc),fasting blood glucose(FBG),homocysteine(Hcy) and total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the three groupwere measured and compared.Results Compared with the control group,Hcy in the diabetic fundus lesions group and the diabetic group were significantly higher than the control group ((17.6 ± 4.7) μmol/L,(13.3 ± 2.9) μmol/L vs.(7.3 ± 1.8) μmol/L),and as well as HbA1 c ((11.3 ±2.7)％,(9.2±1.4)％ vs.(4.0±1.1)％),FBG ((11.5 ±3.4) μmol/L,(10.1 ±2.1) μmol/Lvs.(4.2 ±1.7) μmol/L)and TC((6.7 ±1.1) mmol/L,(5.1 ±1.0) mmol/L vs.(4.4±0.8) mmol/L) (F=5.091,5.107,6.017,5.813,P =0.043,0.036,0.032,0.040 respectively).The Hcy,TC,TG,FBG and HbAlc of type 2 diabetic fundus lesions with I stage were the lowest,and the stage of type 2 diabetic fundus lesions was relevant with the level of Hcy,TC,TG,FBG and HbAlc,which were different significantly (F =5.418,5.524,4.971,5.713 respectively,P =0.038,0.041,0.042,0.040 respectively).Conclusion The serum Hcy and blood glucose are risk factors to type 2 diabetic nephropathy.Lowering Hcy concentration and reducing the glucose may be a new way to prevent the occurrence of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To discuss the ultrasonic anatomy of gastrocnemius and its substructures in normal population. Methods Eighty gastrocnemius in 40 volunteers were scanned by real time high frequency ultrasound. Sonograms of medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius were acquired. Plume angles between medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius were measured at condition of rest, 5 kg and 10 kg isometric contraction. Both dominant and non-dominant legs were evaluated. Differences of plume angles were compared by ANOVA in different conditions and by t test in different legs. Results At the upper part of the muscle, both medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius could be divided into muscular compartment, shallow compartment and deep compartment by hyperechoic intra-muscular septa with clear margin. The septa of lateral heads presented as hyperechoic side-lying′T′, while the septa of medial heads presented as hyperechoic side-lying-′T′. Vascular signals could be detected in these hyperechoic septa. The plume angle at the distal part of the lateral head of gastrocnemius was composed of shallow compartment attaching to the Achilles tendon, and that of the medial head was composed of medial muscular compartment attaching to the tendon. At rest, 5 kg and 10 kg isometric contraction, plume angles of lateral heads were (13.36±3.20)°, (13.32±3.30)° and (12.75±3.20)°, and plume angles of medial heads were (8.69±3.30)°, (8.59±2.99)° and (8.65±3.20)°. Under the same condition, plume angles of medial heads were larger than those of lateral heads and the difference was statistically signiifcant (t=9.09, 9.50 and 8.10, all P<0.01). Changes of plume angles between rest and different weight bearing conditions were small, and differences were not statistically signiifcant (F=0.89 and 0.02, P=0.41 and 0.98). Plume angles of medial heads in dominant legs and non-dominant legs were (13.66±3.60)° and (13.30±2.84)°, and those of lateral heads were (8.71±3.48)° and (8.80±3.35)°. The plume angles of medial heads were larger in dominant legs than those in non-dominant legs, while the plume angles of lateral heads were smaller in dominant legs than those in non-dominant legs. However, both differences were not statistically signiifcant (t=0.70 and 0.87, P=0.48 and 0.17). Conclusions The anatomical characteristics of medial and lateral heads and compartments of gastrocnemius can be clearly depicted by high frequency ultrasound. Plume angles can also be accurately measured.

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system.By referring to more than ten years' research on AD in our lab,and new research findings from home both and abroad,some novel ideas and strategies were proposed.It provides new ways to the prevention and treatment of AD in clinical practice.

The normal arterial patterns in the left ventricle wall of 100 rabbit hearts were studied by means of postmortem coronary angiography, the clearing method and histological sections, and in comparison with that of the human heart.The intramural arterial patterns in the left ventricle of rabbit heart are similar to human heart in many ways. "Branching" type arteries (Class A vessels) supply the whole myocardium, including the subendocardial zone, while "straight" type arteries(Class B vessels)mainly supply the papillary muscle and trabeculae carneae where they form the subendocardial plexus. The arterial type in papillary muscles may be classified into segmental pattern, axial pattern and mixed pattern. The arterial distribution in the interventricular septum is without rule. The capillaries in all areas run parallel with the myocardial fibres and show cross connexions somewhere.

Objective To clarify PET image characteristic of spongiform leukoencephalopathy from heroin vapor inhalation and evaluate PET in the dignosis of the disease. Methods 18 F-FDG PET was performed in six patients with spongiform leukoencephalopathy from heroin vapor inhalation. They developed progressive cerebellar ataxia ,dysarthria and unresponsive in different degree respectively.They were a known drug abuser and had a history of heroin use for 1～3 years.Abstinence of heroin was performed from 1.5 to 3 months in the 2 patients .It was known that they took their heroin not by injection but by inhalation of heated heroin vapours,a method known as "chasing the dragon".Brain CT and MRI revealed some characteristics in all patients. Needle biopsy (n=2) was performed and pathological examination proved spongiform degeneration in the white matter. 13 N-ammonia PET was performed in 1 of 6 patients after 24 hours.Results Brain 18 F-FDG PET revealed bilateral and symmetrical 18 F-FDG accumulation decrease or defect areas invoving the internal capsule behind limb ,cerebral occipital lobes ,and cerebellar hemispheres(cerebellar white matter was severely involved).Brain 13 N-ammonia PET imaging demonstrated abnormal areas of decreased accumulation in the bilateral frontal lobes, bilateral temporal lobes , bilateral occipital lobes, bilateral cerebellar cortex and no 13 N-ammonia accumulation in the bilateral internal capsule behind limb and cerebellar white matter in 1 of 6 patients. The region of the lesion was larger than 18 F-FDG PET imaging in the same patient. Conclusion Spongiform leukoencephalopathy from heroin vapor inhalation has some characteristics on PET ,which are helpful for the diagnosis when combined addictive history.

Thirteen albino rats with body weight approximately from 0.4～0.6 kg were used in the experiment. Each was injected with 0.1 ?l of 30％ HRP (Sigma Type Ⅵ) solution into one of several portions of the cingulate gyrus. Two days after the injection, the animals were sacrificed and processed with Nauta's DAB and Edward's O-D methods. The results were as follows:1. Area 25 and 32 receive the fibers from areas 3, 1, 2 and globus pallidus on the ipsilateral side, and from areas 10, and 24, caudoputamen nucleus, lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, intercavernous nucleus of the stria terminalis on both sides. The labeled cells were also found in areas 25 and 32 on contralateral side.2. Area 24 receives fibers from area 32 and the lateral part of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus on the ipsilateral side, and from area 10, the anterior olfactory nucleus, caudoputamen nucleus, and septal nucleus on both sides and from areas 4 and 24 on the contralateral side.3. Areas 23 and 29 receive the fibers from areas 24,17, and 18 on the ipsilateral side, and from areas 23,29,32,25 and rostral part of the linear nucleus on the contralateral side.The results prove that the cingulate area widely receives the afferent fibers from cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain.

Intramural vescular changes in the healing process after myocardial infarction were studied by the methods of histological section after ligating the left coronary artery of 119 rats. The intramural vascular patterns in the left ventricular free wall of the rat heart are similar to those of the human and the rabbit, but the patterns in the interventricular septum of the rat heart are only similar to those of the rabbit. The left ventricutar free wall contains 3,903?48 capillaries per mm~2 on the average. The capillaries in all areas run parallel with the myocardial fibres. After figuring the left coronary artery of the rat heart,the intramural vascular changes may be divided into three stages, i.e.avascularity, hypervascularity and hypovascularity, which coincide with the healing process of myocardial infarction. It is suggested that the coronary collateral circulation begins within the first two days, and increases gradually during 3 to 7 days after myocardial infarction. The evolutionary process of blood vessels in experimental myocardial infarction of rats is more rapid than that in the human and in the rabbit, but the process itself is similar to each other.

Objective To summarize our experience in treatment of distal radius fracture by T-shaped plate internal fixation combined with external fixation.Methods Nine cases of unstable fracture of distal radius were included.There were two cases of type B and seven cases of type C according to AO classification.They were all treated by T-shaped plate fixation combined with external fixation.Autogeneic bone grafting was applied in eight patients.All the nine cases were followed up to evaluate their wrist joint range of active motion and radiographic parameters including palmar tilt,dorsal tilt,radial inclination,radial length and ulnar variance.Results All the patients were followed up for 6 to 1 2 months postoperatively(mean eight months).Anatomical reduction was achieved in all the cases.Delayed union or non-union was not observed.According to the rating scale of Gartland and Werley,eight cases got excellent results and one case good results.By the time of last follow-up,no such complications as pin hole infection,loosening of internal fixation,loss of reduction,tendon rupture or irritation occurred.Conclusion T-shaped plate fixation combined with exter nal fixation is reliable and effective in treatment of unstable fracture of distal radius.

Objective To identify the effect of decreasing the rejection using the biological semipermeable membrane combined with the privileged site xenotransplantation. Methods The rat ICCs encapsulated by biological semipermeable membrane were xenotransplanted into dog's brain. The pathological changes of implants and surrounding cerebral tissues were observed under light and electric microscopy. The ?-cells of implants were identified by immunohistochemistry. Results After 2 months of transplantation, The ?-cells were observed and the lymphocytes were dispersed in the grafts.The brain tissues near the grafts showed slight edema and glial hyperplasia. Conclusion The method using the biological semipermeable membrane in combination with the privileged site xenotransplantation have a beneficial effect on the inhibition of the rejection of heterogeneous ICCs implant.

Objective:To study the ultrastructural changes of the junctional epithelial after dental preparation. Methods: Junctional epithelium (JE) of left premaxillary teeth was detached by diamond bur in 8 rabbits (group 1) and by surgical knife in another 8 rabbits (group 2). JE of the right teeth without treatment was used as the controls. 4 animals in each group were sacrificed 1 and 2 weeks after operation respectively.Samples were prepared for transmission electron microscope observation.Results: In the two tested groups reattachment was observed 2 weeks after operation,degeneration of mitochondria in JE cells and destruction of basement membrane were observed. No significant difference was observed between group 1 and group 2.Conclusion: Dental preparation may result in ultrastructural changes of JE cells.