Objective:To evaluate the intrauterine transmission of syphilis in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2019, after the introduction of a nationwide policy for preventing intrauterine transmission of syphilis in China in 2011.Methods:This study enrolled all live birth deliveries ( n=455 561) in Nantong from January 2012 to December 2019. The screening, infection rates, anti-syphilis treatment, intrauterine transmission of syphilis, and outcomes of infants with congenital syphilis were retrospectively analyzed using χ 2 test for trend, adjusted χ 2 test, or Fisher's exact test. Results:Except for three women, the remaining 455 558 subjects were all screened for syphilis antibody with a total screening rate of nearly 100%, among which prenatal screening accounted for 96.4% (439 125/455 561) and intrapartum screening for 3.6% (16 433/455 561). In total, 796 (0.17%) women were diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy, and the prevalence increased from 0.13% (85/64 229) in 2012 to 0.24% (110/45 517) in 2019 (χ 2trend=48.985, P<0.001). The prevalence among women underwent intrapartum screening was significantly higher than those underwent prenatal screening [0.50% (82/16 433) vs 0.16% (714/439 125), χ 2=102.769, P<0.001]. Out of the women with syphilis, 716 (89.9%) received anti-syphilis therapy with 695 cases using penicillin, 16 cases using ceftriaxone and five using erythromycin/azithromycin, while the remaining 80 (10.1%) did not. Intrauterine transmission of syphilis occurred in 14 infants with a transmission rate of 1.8% (14/796). The reported rate of congenital syphilis in all live infants was 0.03‰ (14/460 552). The intrauterine transmission rate in women receiving treatment during pregnancy was significantly lower than that in the untreated women [0.4% (3/716) vs 13.8% (11/80), χ2=66.499, P<0.001]. For the untreated women, the intrauterine transmission rate increased with the rising titers of non-specific syphilis antibody ( χ2trend=5.338, P=0.021). Among infants with congenital syphilis, no obvious adverse outcomes occurred in three infants born to treated mothers, whereas the rates of preterm birth and neonatal death were 7/11 and 2/11 in those born to untreated mothers. Conclusions:Since the implementation of the policy against intrauterine transmission of syphilis, the reported rate of congenital syphilis is 3/100 000 live-birth in Nantong City, reaching the national target of below 15/100 000. Screening and treatment in the first trimester are critical for preventing intrauterine transmission of syphilis. Increased prenatal syphilis screening rate can help further reduction of the intrauterine transmission of syphilis.

Objective To assess the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis against mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a real-world setting since the implementation of charge-free hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine in China. Methods The screening rate and the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 61 790 puerperants, and the administration of combined immunoprophylaxis in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers in Rugao City of Jiangsu Province from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. HBV infection status of infants born to HBV infected mothers was followed up after 7 months of age. HBsAg-positive infants and their mothers were followed up again for HBV markers in April 2018. Fisher's exact test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to statistically analyze the differences between groups and various years, respectively. Results All 61 790 puerperants were screened for HBsAg and the prenatal screen rate was 98.6% (60 937/61 790) with an increasing trend over time (χ2trend=750.908, P<0.001). HBsAg-positive puerperants accounted for 5.5% (3 397/61 790) with a decreasing trend over time (χ2trend=32.667, P<0.001). In total, 778 offspring (399 boys and 379 girls) of 759 HBsAg-positive mothers were followed up at (13.7±6.9) months of age, among which 751 (96.5%) were administered and 25 (3.2%) were probably administered standard combined immunoprophylaxis after birth, and the rest two (0.3%) were not. Fourteen infants (1.8%) were HBsAg positive and all born to mothers with positive hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). None of the 538 infants born to HBeAg-negative mothers was HBsAg-positive. HBsAg-positive rate in infants born since 2013 was lower than those in 2011 and 2012 (χ2trend=13.352, P=0.000 3). Eleven HBsAg-positive mothers and their children were followed up again 4–5 years later in April 2018. HBV DNA levels of all mothers were within the range of (7.34–28.2)×107 IU/ml except one case of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion. One out of the 11 infected children also had HBeAg seroconversion. Phylogenetic analysis of HBV S gene showed that the 11 pairs of mothers and children were all infected with HBV of genotype C. Conclusions The implementation of charge-free HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine for newborns achieves fruitful results in Rugao city as the mother-to-infant transmission of HBV in the real-world had been further reduced to a similar level reported in literature survey.

Objective: To understand the neglect status among preschool non-only-child in Nantong, and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and intervention of non-only child neglect. Methods: Using the method of random cluster sampling, a total of 1 141 parents of children from 9 kindergartens in the main urban area of Nantong were investigated with National Neglect Norm Scale for Children aged 3 to 6 years. Results: The neglect rate of preschool children in Nantong City was 28.6%, with neglect score being (40.21±6.67). The neglect rate of non-only-child was 32.6%, with neglect score being (41.14±6.73). The total and physical neglect rate of non-only-child were higher than that of only child, and the total neglect score and physical, emotional, educational, safety, medical neglect dimensional scores were higher than that of only-child, the difference were all statistically significant ( χ 2/ t = 6.21, 17.57; 3.95, 4.98, 3.45, 2.70, 2.01, 3.11, P <0.05). In non-only-child, univariate analysis showed that there were no significant differences in neglect rate and scores among children by gender and family types ( P >0.05); There was no significant difference in the child neglect rate between different age groups and children in different families ( χ 2 =3.59, 2.99, P >0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference in the degree of neglect ( t=2.79, 3.04, P <0.05). The neglect rate and score of non-only-child with high level of family income, parental education and parental relationship was relatively low, while the neglect rate and score in non-only-child whose grandparents serving as primary caregiver were higher ( P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that family monthly income less than 5 000 yuan was associated with 2.73 times higher risk of neglect compared to children with family monthly income more than 12 000 yuan. The risk of neglect among children whose grandparents serving as caregivers was associated with 2.17 times higher than children with parental care. The risk of neglect of children with poor parental relationship was 2.29 times higher than that of children with good parental relationship ( P <0.05). Conclusion The neglect among preschool non-only-child in Nantong City is common. Improvement in family economic status, parental care and parent relationship might help reduce neglect among preschool non-only-child.