In the process of pathology teaching,the teacher can apply various methodologies and techniques to form student-oriented situation,to raise their interest in this discipline,to have the students actively involved in this learning process.In this way,the students become the subjects of the class so that the quality of pathology teaching can be improved.

Various teaching methods can be applied comprehensively to the teaching of oral histopathology. The authors make a probe into the function and significance of flexible introduction of such means as enlightened approach to teaching,metaphorical teaching method,multimedia teaching method. The paper insists that these methods will bring many benefits in that they will help to promote students’autonomous learning,stimulate their thinking,cultivate their competence for observation and analysis,broaden their vision,and consequently improve the teaching quality.

Purpose:To compare the therapeutic effect and significance of different drugs poured in intravesical instillation for superficial biadder tumor after transurethral resection of bladder tumor.Methods:117 patients of superficial bladder cancer after transurethral vesection were divided into four groups. Ballistocardiogram group(n=26);Mitomycin C group (n=27);adriamycin group (n=27);hydroxycamptothecin group(n=37).Results:The tumor recurrent rate in Ballistocardiogram group, mitomycin groups, adriamycin group, hydroxycamptothecin group were 30.77%,40.74% 33.33%,24.32% respectively. The tumor recurrent rate differed significantly between the hydroxycamptothecin group and the mitomycin and Adriamycin groups.Conclusions:Intravesical instillation of hydroxycamptothecin for patients with superficial bladder tumor after transurethral resection of bladder tumour could decrease tumor recurrent rate, prolong the tumor-free survival period.

Objective To summarize the effect of transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP) in combination with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods A combined use of TUVP and TURP was carried out for treating 122 cases of BPH. There were 8 cases of Rous stage Ⅰ disease, 58 cases of stage Ⅱ, 32 cases of stage Ⅲ, and 24 cases of Ⅳ. Results The length of duration of the operation was 20~140 min (mean, 68 min). The intraoperative blood loss was 40~200 ml (mean, 80 ml). A blood transfusion of 200 ml was required in 2 cases after the operation. No transurethral resection syndrome (TURS) occurred. The mean postoperative catheterization time was 6 days. All 122 patients had been followed for 4~19 months (mean, 10 months). The international prostate symptom score (IPSS) decreased from 30.2?2.3 pre-)operation to 10.8?2.5 post-operation (t=10.84,P=0.000); the residual urine (RU) decreased from 252.6?65.3 ml pre-operation to 35.6?10.4 ml post-operation (t=23.52,P=0.000); the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) increased from 8.5?2.8 ml/s to 20.6?3.8 ml/s (t=6.67,P=0.000). Postoperatively, transient urinary incontinence was observed in 2 cases, and anterior urethral stricture occurred in 2 cases. Conclusions Combined use of transurethral electrovaporization and resection of the prostate for the treatment of BPH gives satisfactory effects.

Objective To explore the role of EphB4 in proliferation of glioma cells. Methods The mRNA and protein expressions of EphB4 were detected using RT-PCR, immunochemistry, and Western-blot, respectively. EphB4 siRNA was synthesized and transfected into U251 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were determined by MTT assay, TUNEL and transwell experiment, respectively. Results The expression (P<0.05) and proliferation of EphB4 were obviously decreased in U251 transfected with EphB4 siRNA and the proliferation was further decreased with the increased concetrations of siRNA. Compared with U251 group and siRNASCR group, EphB4 siRNA at different concentrations (25, 50 or 100 nmol/L) significantly reduced the invasion ability of cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells (P<0.05). Conclusions EphB4 plays an important role in the regulation of glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion.

Objective To investigate the heterogeneity of chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer using an ATP-tumor chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) and the feasibility of individual chemotherapy.Methods An ATP-TCA were used to determine the effect of 16 single or combined cytotoxic drugs in surgical specimens from 50 patients with colorectal cancer.Results There were considerable differences in chemosensitivity between individuals.The most active single drugs in the assay was identified as Navelbine, Hydroxycamptothecin, 5-Fluorouracil and Paclitaxel; 34.1%, 31.6%, 27.6% and 24.3% of specimens showed sensitivity to them, respectively.5-Fluorouracil+Mitomycin+Aytarabine was found to be the most effective combination, for 100% (11/11)specimens were sensitive to this regimen.5-Fluorouracil+Cisplatin+Adriamycin and Gemcitabine+Cisplatin were moderately active regimens.Conclusions There was the heterogeneity of the in vitro chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer.The use of the ATP-TCA provides a method of selecting appropriate anti-cancer drugs in colorectal cancer.

Objective:To investigate the clinical and imaging features of spontaneous convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) with acute cerebral infarction.Methods:Nine patients with cSAH complicated with acute cerebral infarction, admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to October 2021, were selected. The clinical data and efficacy of these patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The time from cSAH to the onset of acute cerebral infarction was 5-144 h, with median time of 2 d. The most common bleeding site of cSAH was the parietal lobe ( n=6); cSAH in the ipsilateral side of acute cerebral infarction was noted in 4 patients. Six patients had middle cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion, and 2 patients had anterior cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion. Hypertension ( n=7) was the most common primary disease; 7 patients were treated with antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants and/or stents. The follow-up at 3 months after cSAH showed that 6 patients had good prognosis and one had poor prognosis. Conclusions:The cSAH often occurs 2 d after acute cerebral infarction; intracranial artery stenosis or occlusion may be the main cause of the disease. In patients complicated with cSAH, active antiplatelet, anticoagulation and/or stent therapy do not increase the risk of bleeding, and the prognosis is good.

Objective To investigate the change in interleukin-33 (IL-33) in the peripheral blood of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and the role and potential mechanism of IL-33 in regulating CD8 + T cell function in HCC patients. Methods A total of 44 HCC patients who attended Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital from April 2019 to January 2020 and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood was collected, and plasma and peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs) were isolated; ELISA was used to measure the plasma levels of IL-33 and its receptor ST2, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the relative mRNA expression levels of IL-33 and ST2 in PBMCs. CD8 + T cells were purified and stimulated with recombinant IL-33; CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell proliferation, enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to measure the secretion of perforin and granzyme B, and flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and CTLA-4; changes in cell proliferation, secretion of cytotoxic molecules, and immune checkpoint molecules after IL-33 stimulation were compared. CD8 + T cells were co-cultured with HepG2 cells; the expression of lactate dehydrogenase was measured to calculate the proportion of dead HepG2 cells induced by CD8 + T cells, and the change in the killing function of CD8 + T cells after IL-33 stimulation was compared. The t -test or the paired t -test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Results Compared with the control group, the HCC group had significantly lower plasma level of IL-33 (269.80±63.08 pg/ml vs 339.50±64.43 pg/ml, t =4.072, P < 0.001) and relative mRNA expression level of IL-33 in PBMCs (1.07±0.14 vs 2.45±0.87, t =10.250, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the plasma level of ST2 and the relative mRNA expression level of ST2 in PBMCs between the HCC group and the control group ( P > 0.05). The proportion of CD8 + T cells was not correlated with the plasma level of IL-33 or ST2 (both P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the HCC group had significantly lower levels of perforin and granzyme B (both P < 0.05) and a significantly higher proportion of CD8 + T cells with positive PD-1, LAG-3, and CTLA-4 ( P < 0.05). Stimulation with recombinant IL-33 did not affect the proliferation of CD8 + T cells or the expression of immune checkpoint molecules ( P > 0.05), but it promoted the secretion of perforin and granzyme B ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the HCC group had a significant reduction in the killing activity of CD8 + T cells ( P < 0.05), and stimulation with recombinant IL-33 enhanced the killing function of CD8 + T cells, which was mainly reflected in the increases in the proportion of dead HepG2 cells ( P < 0.05) and the secretion of IFNγ and TNFα ( P < 0.05). Conclusion There is a reduction in the plasma level of IL-33 in HCC patients. IL-33 can enhance the killing activity of CD8 + T cells by promoting the secretion of perforin and granzyme B, which provides a new target for the treatment of HCC.

The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry, resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy, endodontic surgery, and dental restoration. However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators' insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment. In October 2019, Professor Jingping Liang, Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association, organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry. The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope. Subsequently, a consensus was reached and officially issued. Over the span of about four years, the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
Humans ; Dentistry, Operative ; Consensus ; Endodontics ; Root Canal Therapy ; Dental Care