This article reviews immunological research progress in cystic echinococcosis:the immunity to Echinoco-ccus granulosus infection,innate resistance,immune evasion mechanism.A better understanding for the immunology in human echinococcosis may help develop therapeutic and preventive agents.

Objective To study the rational daily administration times of Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD) when it was used to treat experimental jaundice in rats based on pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics model.MethodsRats were modeled by 4％ 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (75 mg/kg) for 48 h,then YCHD was drenched with doses of 0.324 g/kg (extract,calculated with the clinical dosage) once,0.162 g/kg twice,and 0.108 g/kg thrice a day,respectively.The total bile and the flow rate of bile were observed after the first administration; Blood samples collected from the orbital sinus at different intervals were used to investigate the levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and bilimbins (TBIL and DBIL),and determine the concentration of 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DME) in the plasma using UPLC at the same time,then we obtained the time-effect and time-dose curves.The rational daily administration times of YCHD when treating experimental jaundice were determined based on the comprehensive analysis of time-effect and time-concentration relationships.ResultsWithin 10 h the total bile of rats which were administered once daily (G1) was I.65 and 1.33 times higher than that of twice and thrice (G2 and G3) a day,respectively,and the four biochemical indexes (TBIL,ALT,DBIL,and AST) of Gl decreased faster than those of G2 and G3 (P ＜ 0.05).On the other hand,the blood drug level of DME when administrated once daily could maintain at a higher level for a longer time,and its Cmax and AUC0→t were higher than those of G2 and G3,which might be the main reason why its effect was the most significant.ConclusionIt is more appropriate to administrate once daily when YCHD is used to treat jaundice.

To compare the microcalorimetric fingerprint profiles of Lonicerae japonicae Flos (Lj.F) and Lonicerae Flos (L.F), microcalormietry was applied to find the heat change regularity of Bacillus shigae (B. shigae) metabolism affected by Lj.F and L.F (we choose Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz in this paper) with different concentrations. The thermogenic curves and thermodynamics parameters were investigated as evaluation index, and then the date of experiment was studied by similarity analysis. All the results indicated that the Lj.F and Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz (L.m.H-M) significantly impacted the microbial growth and had good similarity in its inhibitory activities. The combination approach of chemical analysis with bioassay was developed and employed to ensure the safety and efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines.

This study retrospectively reviewed 9 cases of complicated hepatic cystic hydatidosis with intrabiliary rupture who were surgically treated with pericystectomy in combination with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in our hospital from 2004 to 2010. The clinical features, results of laboratory tests, B-mode ultrasonography and CT, post-operative recovery, days of hospital stay after the operation and post-operative complications were statistically analyzed and the patients were followed up. The subjects in our series included 7 males and 2 females, whose average age was 50.78±7.58 years. Before operation, 9 patients suffered from pain of the right upper quadrant and jaundice, which, in 4 cases (44.45%), were accompanied with fever and chills. Preoperative B-mode ultrosonography and CT showed that all the 9 patients had single hydatid cyst, with their diameter being 9.33±1.58 cm on average. The lesions involved segments V, VI in 6 cases, and segment IV in 3 cases. By WHO classification, 7 cases were classified as CE3 and 2 cases as CE4. They all had choledochectasia. The subjects underwent the surgery uneventfully. Intraoperatively, 2-4 biliary fistula orifices were found, with the average of the orifice being (0.79±0.20) cm. After the operation, one patient developed incision infection, one had pulmonary infection and one suffered from reflux cholangitis. No anastomotic leaks or peri-operative deaths took place and follow-up revealed no recurrence and implantative metastasis. We are led to conclude that pericystectomy in combination with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy can achieve satisfactory results for the treatment of complicated hepatic cystic hydatidosis with intrabiliary rupture.

OBJECTIVETo study the rational daily administration times of rhubarb when it is used to treat experimental jaundice in rats, at the same time, validate the accuracy and feasibility of the method which was previously established to research the rational daily administration times of rhubarb (PD-PK method), and consummate it.

METHODAfter the rats were modeled by 4% ANIT (75 mg x kg(-1)) for two days, rhubarb extraction was drenched 3.6 g x kg(-1) once a day, 1.8 g x kg(-1) twice a day and 1.2 g x kg(-1) three times a day, respectively. Then the total bile and the flow rate of bile were observed. Blood was collected from the veins behind the eye sockets after different intervals and was used to investigate the biochemical indexes of the blood serum, such as TBIL, ALT, ALP, AST and GGT, and to determine the concentration of rheic acid in the blood plasma, then the time-effect curve and time-dose curve were obtained. The rational daily administration times of rhubarb was determined when it was used to treat experimental jaundice based on the comprehend analysis of time-effect and time-concentration relationships.

RESULTCompared with the groups which were administered once a day and three times a day, the total bile within 8 h of the rats which were administered twice a day was 1.56 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, while the TBIL was 23%, 22%, and ALT was 86%, 65% of the other two, ALP was 50%, 71% of the other two, respectively. With administrated twice a day, the blood concentration of rheic acid could maintain a high level for a longer time, which maybe the main reason for its effect.

CONCLUSIONThe method based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is scientific and feasible to study the rational daily administration times of traditional Chinese medicine. Rhubarb is better to administrate two times a day to treat jaundice.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Bile ; drug effects ; Female ; Jaundice ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Male ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rheum

The difficulty in the participant recruitment is the common question in acupuncture clinical trial study. The existing recruitment of clinical trial is most applicable for the clinical trial of medicines. Because the intervention of acupuncture clinical trial is different from that of medicines, characterized as the specialties in "theory, principle, acupoints, technique", it is very necessary to develop the strategy on the participant recruitment in acupuncture clinical trial. The free community medical consultation is one of the important means of recruitment. In the paper, by taking the participant recruitment of acupuncture clinical trial on chronic stable angina pectoris as the example, the discussion is given on the strategy on the recruitment of free community medical consultation in the aspects of feasible investigation of recruitment approach, recruitment plan, participant screening, etc. The revisiting after the free community medical consultation is the important approach to the improvement of successful recruitment. This strategy on the recruitment of free community medical consultation is highly practical and improves the successful rate and compliance of the participant recruitment. Hence, this strategy deserves to be promoted.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; standards ; Humans ; Personnel Selection ; standards ; Research Design ; standards

Spillage of cyst contents during surgical operation is the major cause of recurrence after hydatid cyst surgery. Instillation of a scolicidal agent into a hepatic hydatid cyst is the most commonly employed measure to prevent this complication. SB202190 is a pyridinyl imidazole derivative and is known to be a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. In the present study, the scolicidal effect of SB202190 was investigated. Freshly isolated Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were subjected to SB202190 treatment (10, 20, 40, and 80 microM), and the effects on parasite viability were monitored by trypan blue staining. Corresponding effects were visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dose-dependent protoscolex death within a few days of SB202190 treatment was observed. Although the in vitro scolicidal effect of SB202190 was satisfactory, the in vivo efficacy of this drug and also possible side effects remain to be further investigated.
Animals ; Anthelmintics/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Echinococcus granulosus/*drug effects/ultrastructure ; Imidazoles/*pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Survival Analysis

This study retrospectively reviewed 9 cases of complicated hepatic cystic hydatidosis with intrabiliary rupture who were surgically treated with pericystectomy in combination with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in our hospital from 2004 to 2010.The clinical features,results of laboratory tests,B-mode ultrasonography and CT,post-operative recovery,days of hospital stay after the operation and post-operative complications were statistically analyzed and the patients were followed up.The subjects in our series included 7 males and 2 females,whose average age was 50.78±7.58 years.Before operation,9 patients suffered from pain of the right upper quadrant and jaundice,which,in 4 cases (44.45％),were accompanied with fever and chills.Preoperative B-mode ultrosonography and CT showed that all the 9 patients had single hydatid cyst,with their diameter being 9.33± 1.58 cm on average.The lesions involved segments V,Ⅵ in 6 cases,and segment Ⅵin 3 cases.By WHO classification,7 cases were classified as CE3 and 2 cases as CE4.They all had choledochectasia.The subjects underwent the surgery uneventfully.Intraoperatively,2-4 biliary fistula orifices were found,with the average of the orifice being (0.79±0.20) cm.After the operation,one patient developed incision infection,one had pulmonary infection and one suffered from reflux cholangitis.No anastomotic leaks or peri-operative deaths took place and follow-up revealed no recurrence and implantative metastasis.We are led to conclude that pericystectomy in combination with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy can achieve satisfactory results for the treatment of complicated hepatic cystic hydatidosis with intrabiliary rupture.