This article introduces the general concepts and methods of sample size estimation and testing power analysis. It focuses on parametric methods of sample size estimation, including sample size estimation of estimating the population mean and the population probability. It also provides estimation formulas and introduces how to realize sample size estimation manually and by SAS software.

To determine alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in extract of Portulaca oleracea L. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Objective_To explore the influence and mechanism of IL-31 on the expression of VEGF, EGF and EG-FR in 16HBE cells.Methods_16HBE cells were cultured and treated with IL-31 with or without SB203580 or SP600125, real-time PCR and Western blot were applied to determine the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, EGF and EGFR respectively.Meanwhile, Western blot was used to examine the changes of P38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways.Results_Compared with control group, the mRNA expression of VEGF, EGF and EGFR was increased markedly under the stimulation of IL-31 ( P<0.01 ) , the expression of p-P38 MAPK and p-JNK signifi-cantly increased ( P<0.01) .Compared with IL-31 group, the expression of p-P38 MAPK significantly decreased in IL-31 combined with SB203580 or SB203580 group ( P <0.01 ) , while the expression of p-JNK markedly decreased in IL-31 combined with SP600125 or SP600125 group( P<0.01) .Compared with IL-31 group, the expression of VEGF was significantly decreased in IL-31 combined with SB203580 or SP600125 group ( P <0.01 ) , while the expression of EGF and EGFR was markedly declined in IL-31 combined with SB203580 group ( P<0.01 ) .Conclusions_IL-31 may up-regulate the expression of VEGF through activating P38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways and up-regulate the expression of EGF and EGFR through activating P38 MAPK signaling path-way in16 HBE cells.

To study the clinical efficacy of Pihui Fanggan Sachet (PHFGS), a sachet of traditional Chinese herbs, in preventing influenza and its immune regulation on mice.

Purpose To investigate the effect of interleukin-10(IL-10)on IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA in Hela cells induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and to analyze their activiated signal transduction pathways.Methods Extracted total RNA and total proteins of cultured Hela cells,which were treated with different concentrations of LPS,or IL-10 alone or in combined use,were to analyze the levels of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA using RT-PCR and to analyze the expression of signal transduction pathway proteins using Western blot.Results RT-PCR indicated that expression of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA in Hela cells strikingly increased after 12 h using 1 ng-10μg LPS(P＜0.01 vs control),which had dose-dependence and achieved peak value using 100 ng/mL.During 0-24 h,expression of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA strikingly increased with time changing(P＜0.01 vs control),which had time-dependence and achieved peak value at 12 h.Expression of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA had no conspicuous difference in Hela cells treated with IL-10(10 ng/mL)alone(P＞0.05 vs control).Different concentrations of IL-10 1,10,100 ns/mL)markedly downregnlated expression of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA in Hela cells induced by LPS.Furthermore,the effect of inhibition will be more obvious with dose increasing.Western blot indicated that LPS upregulated expression of IL-15mRNA and IL-6mRNA by phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2.IL-10 blocked phosphorylation of AKT,but could not affect phosphorylation of ERK1/2.Conclusion IL-10 downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-15 and 1L-6 induced by LPS,which may correlate with the fact that phosphorylation of AKT was blcoked by IL-10.Therefore,IL-10 may be used to prevent and treat some clincal infective diseases.

Purpose To explore the antiviral effect of interleukin 29(IL-29) on hepatitis B virus in vitro.Methods To study the antiviral effect of IL-29 against hepatitis B virus by the amount of HBV mRNA detected .Through the quantity of mRNA translated from genes of MxA,2′,5′-OAS,PKR and RNase L as well as the signal pathway induced by IL-29,we used RT-PCR and Western blot to discuss the anti-hepatitis B virus mechanism which was stimulated by IL-29.Results The amount of HBV mRNA in HepG2.2.15 cells was reduced by stimulation of IL-29.The expression of MxA and 2′,5′-OAS was up-regulated,as well as P-ERK and P-AKT were activated by IL-29.Conclusion These findings showed that IL-29 had obvious antiviral activity towards HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells.

To evaluate the antiosteoporotic effects of benzyl benzoate glucosides from Curculigo orchioides (COBG) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of thin layer reconstruction with spiral CT on the pulmonary hamartoma. Methods Accepted both routine CT examination and thin layer construction,2 1 pulmonary hamartoma cases confirmed by pathology were analyzed retrospectively.The margin and inner features of the lesions were observed and recorded.Significant analysis was performed by using SPSS17.0 Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test,with P<0.05 as the significant difference criterion.Results Comparison of the display rates by routine CT and thin layer reconstruction:①the same display rate of lobulation were 57.1%(12/21);②the same display rate of calcification were 42.9% (9/21);③the display rates of fat density were 14.3%(3/21)by routine CT and 42.9% (9/21)by thin layer reconstruction.The difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.200,P<0.05);④the display rates of blood vessel throughing were 14.3%(3/21)by routine CT and 47.6% (10/21)by thin layer reconstruction.The difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.459,P<0.05).Conclusion Displaying the inner features of pulmonary hamartoma better than routine CT,the thin layer reconstruction can improve the diagnostic accuracy significantly.

Objective To study the clinical features and CT findings of pulmonary fungal infection(PFI) secondary to malignant tumor.Methods The clinical features and CT findings of PFI secondary to malignant tumor proved clinically and pathologically were analyzed retrospectively.Results In pulmonary fungal infection,pulmonary candidiasis was most common seen,which were found in 34 (68%) of 50 cases.CT findings of PFI usually consist of a mixture of patterns,ground-glass attenuation(n=31,62%)and air-space consolidation (n=29,58%) were most common CT findings. Other CT findings included nodule(n=20,40%), air cresceut sign (n=2,4%), thickening of bronchovascular bundles (n=7,14%), mass (n=1,2%),tree-in-bud appearance(n=5,10%),cavity(n=3,6%).Conclusion CT findings of PFI secondary to malignant tumor were nonspecific,which can’t distinguish from other pneumonia,to pay more attentions on it is necessary.

The traditional Chinese herb Shancigu is derived from the dry tuber of Cremastra appendiculata(D.Don) Makino, Pleione bulbocodioides( Franch) Rolfe, Pleione yunnanensis Rolfe.The chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Shancigu were overviewed through searching relevant literatures .