BACKGROUND: The shear bond strength between ceramic orthodontic brackets and teeth is so large that ceramic brackets are not easily eliminated safely. Whether the shear bond strength of self-etching primer/adhesive can be decreased and the injuries to enamel can be reduced has been always concerned by orthodontists. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bond strength between self-etching primer/adhesive system and ceramic orthodontic brackets and make a comparison with Jingjin enamel adhesive most commonly used by clinicians in China.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Controlled observation, performed at Hebei University of Science and Technology in March 2006.MATERIALS: Twenty permanent premolars extracted due to orthodontic treatment were selected. The premolars were required to have excellent enamel and gloss, no cracks or carious lesions, and have not been given any chemotherapy. Ceramic orthodontic brackets were arch wire ceramic premolar brackets with 0.022-inch standard edgewide (3M company,USA). The bottom bracket area was 12.16 mm2. Self-etching sealant and TransbondTM fight-cure adhesive were purchased from 3M company, USA. Jingjin enamel adhesive, a conventional self-etching adhesive, was provided by Tianjin Institute of Synthetic Materials Industry, China.METHODS: The 20 premolars were randomly evenly divided into a self-etching primer/adhesive group, in which,self-etching sealant and TransbondTM fight-cure adhesive were applied, and a Jingiin enamel adhesive group, in which,Jingjin enamel adhesive was used.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After 24 hours, shear bond strength was determined respectively in the two groups using anti-shearing testing machine. Simultaneously, residual adhesive remaining on the teeth was examined. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength was lower in the self-etching primer/adhesive group than in the Jingjin enamel adhesive group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The mean shear bond strength in the two groups was clinically acceptable. The residual adhesive remaining on the teeth was significantly less in the self-etching prime/adhesive group than in the Jingjin enamel adhesive group (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Self-etching prime/adhesive system used for bonding ceramic orthodontic brackets can satisfy clinical requirements. Moreover, its bond strength can be appropriately decreased and ceramic brackets are easily removed, thereby,injuries to enamel can be reduced.

Objective To study the clinical effect of combined treatment of Lipo PGE1 and millimeter wave on diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods 98 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN)were randomly divided into the first treatment group with Lipo-PGE1,and the second treatment group combined with Lipo PGE1 and millimeter wave compared with the routin therapy group as control in order to observe the subjective symptom,tendon reflex and nerve conduction velocity,respectively.Results The total effective rates of the second treatment group was 91%,which was significantly higher than the control group(P

Objective To explore the influence of diabetic complications simulated experience education on blood glucose control and self-behavior management in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods A total of 150 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected according to the diabetic diagnostic criteria by WHO from November 2015 to April 2016.They were randomly divided into intervention group (75 cases, diabetic complications simulated experience education , one-to-one education mode) and control group (75 cases, conventional education for diabetic complications , one-to-one education mode).The differences in fasting blood glucose , 2 hours′postprandial glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and self-management behavior were compared before and one month after intervention .Results There were no difference in general situation , every glucose index , the score of diabetes management self efficacy ( Chinese version Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, C-DMSES), and the score of self-management behavior (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, SDSCA) between two groups before intervention (P>0.05).After intervention, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours′postprandial glucose, and HbA1c were (6.51 ±1.93) mmol/L,(11.08 ± 5.02)mmol/L,(7.52 ±3.01)% in intervention group, which were lower than (7.31 ±1.80) mmol/L, (12.81 ±5.46) mmol/L,(8.84 ±2.52)%in control group (P<0.05).The scores of C-DMSES and SDSCA in intervention group were higher than those in control group ( P <0.01 ).Conclusions The diabetic complications simulated experience education is better than conventional health education in blood glucose control and self-behavior management in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus .

Objective To discuss the effect of limb elevation method on hemostasis after extraction of venous infusion needle in elderly patients .Methods Totals of 180 patients with peripheral venous infusion needle were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group , with 90 patients in each group . The control group, using the conventional body press method , were observed the hemostasis effect at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 s after pressing and recorded the incidence of bleeding time .For the observation group , using the limb elevation method after withdrawal the needles , recorded the hemostatic time , the incidence of bruising and measured the blood pressure and pulse rate before and after removal the needles . Results The effective hemostatic time was 15-100 s for the observation group , with an average of (53.50 ± 22.84)s, and 60-240 s for the control group, with an average of (164.99 ±50.01)s, and the difference was significant (t=8.884, P<0.01).The differences of systolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the observation group before and after removal the needle had no significant difference ( t=1.278, 0.507, respectively;P>0.05), while the difference of diastolic blood pressure had significant difference (t=2.984,P<0.05).Two patients in the observation group had mild bruise , and eighteen patients in the control group had mild to moderate bruise, which was significantly different (Z=108.89,P<0.05).Conclusions The lime elevation method had a better hemostasis effect for elderly patients , which can significantly shorten bleeding time , reduce the occurrence of subcutaneous bruising and ensure the safety of elderly patients .

Objective To investigate the effect of a nurse-training program of theory combined with practice training methods on pressure ulcer .Methods Forty-two nurse trainees were selected from different departments where the pressure sore was most likely to occur .A two-month training program was conducted based on multimedia, skill training, on-site training, patient rounds, typical case studies, mannequin, and problem analysis .Theoretical examinations were conducted both before and after the program and the skill tests were conducted by the way of on-site intervention .Results Among the forty-two nurses , the mean scores of theoretical examination before and after training were (88.52 ±2.31) and (97.16 ±3.20), respectively, and the difference was significant (t=-14.193,P<0.01).The mean scores of skill test before and after training were (86.19 ±4.68) and (93.35 ±2.41), respectively, and the difference was significant (t=-8.814, P<0.01).The forty-two nurse trainees all passed the tests .Conclusions The training program which combined with theory and practice skills can improve the knowledge and skills of the nurses .It can be served as a model for future training on pressure ulcer treatment by other general hospitals .