OBJECTIVETo study pre-treatment in determining total polysaccharide in flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

METHODThe factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to liquid were studied. The best extraction condition was found through the response surface design.

RESULTThe best extraction condition as follows: 81.0 degrees C of the extraction temperature, 1.6 h of extraction time, and the ratio of material to water as 1: 29. On these conditions the extraction rate of flos Chrysanthemi Indici was the best.

CONCLUSIONA model equation that can be used to predict the experiment is established through the response surface method.

Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the quality of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici which produced in twenty-two different producing places.

METHODChlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were analyzed on a Shim-pack C8 colunm (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid( 19:81). The detection wavelength was set at 326 nm. Linarin were eluted with the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water-acetic acid(26: 23: 1). The detection wavelength was set at 334 nm. The column temperature was 25 degrees C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min .

RESULTThe linear response ranged within 2.5-50 microg for chlorogenic acid (r = 0.998), 2.5-25 microg for caffeic acid (r = 0.998) and 4.97-41.47 microg for linarin (r = 0.999), respectively. Recoveries were 100.8% with RSD 2.1% for chlorogenic acid, 96.2% with RSD 2.3% for caffeic acid and 103.7% with RSD 1.8% for linarin.

CONCLUSIONThere was a significant difference in the content of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, linarin among the samples. The content of chlorogenic in the sample from Fengdou Chongqing city was the highest in those from other places. The content of caffeic acid in the all samples is very low. The content of linarin in the samples from Jiangsu province and Anhui province almost reached the national standard in pharmacopoeia.

Caffeic Acids ; analysis ; China ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo develop a RP-HPLC method for the determination of quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin in Flos Chrysanthemi indici.

METHODAn Eclipse XDB-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used at 25 degrees C with the mobile phases of methanol-0.2% phosphatic acid in a gradient manner. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 350 nm.

RESULTThe linear response ranged from 1.02-20.48 mg x L(-1) for quercetin (r = 0.9994, n = 5), 1.03-20.54 mg x L(-1) for luteolin (r = 0.9992, n = 5), 1.12-22.40 mg x L(-1) for apigenin (r = 0.9995, n = 5), 1.01-20.22 mg x L(-1) for acacetin (r = 0.9998, n = 5), respectively. Recoveries were 101.3% with RSD 1.3% for quercetin, 100.62% with RSD 1.4% for luteolin, 98.42% with RSD 1.7% for apigenin and 99.02% with RSD 0.8% for acacetin. A significant difference (alpha = 0.01) among the contents of four flavonoids and total flavonoids was found.

CONCLUSIONThe method is quick, simple and repeatable for simultaneous determination of quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

Apigenin ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; methods ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Flavones ; analysis ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Luteolin ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Quercetin ; analysis

Objective:To investigate the clinical practice of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) in maintenance hemodialysis patients in Shanghai, and to better understand the changes of clinical practice for CKD-MBD.Methods:Sixty-four hospitals with qualified dialysis center in Shanghai were selected for questionnaire survey as of March 2019. The survey questionnaire included the number of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, the implementation of CKD-MBD guidelines, the learning of CKD-MBD guidelines, the detection and distribution of CKD-MBD biochemical indicators, the treatment of hyperphosphatemia, the treatment of secondary heperparathyroidism (SHPT) and renal bone disease, and the concentration of calcium ion in dialysate. The results were compared with previous survey data in 2011.Results:There were sixty-three hospitals included in this study, with 10 168 maintenance hemodialysis patients and 4 610 maintenance peritoneal dialysis patients in Shanghai. 84.1%(53/63) hospitals implemented the guidelines smoothly, which increased by 28.5% compared with the rate (55.6%) of 2011. The successful implementation rates for guidelines in secondary and tertiary hospitals were 83.3%(25/30) and 84.8%(28/33) , which increased by 44.0% and 11.7% respectively (39.3% of secondary hospitals and 73.1% of tertiary hospitals in 2011). All hospitals carried out the detection for serum calcium and phosphorus. The rate for parathyroid hormone (PTH), total alkaline phosphatase (AKP), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D], and other bone metabolism-related biomarkers were 98.4%(62/63), 90.5%(57/63), 19.0%(12/63), 90.5%(57/63) and 42.9%(27/63), respectively; coronary artery CT, lumbar lateral X-ray plain, echocardiography, bone mineral density, and vascular ultrasound were carried out in 68.3%(43/63), 74.6%(47/63), 100.0%(63/63), 68.3%(43/63)and 69.8%(44/63), respectively. Compared with 2011, the proportion of detection for PTH, AKP, BAP, 25(OH)D, coronary artery CT, lumbar lateral film and echocardiography increased by 2.1%, 1.6%, 0.5%, 47.9%, 14.6%, 20.9% and 1.9%, respectively. The proportion of patients with serum phosphorus ranging in 0.80-1.45 mmol/L(KDIGO guideline), serum phosphorus ranging in 0.80-1.78 mmol/L(KDOQI guideline), calcium ranging in 2.10-2.54 mmol/L, and PTH ranging in 150-600 ng/L were 37.0%(3 323/8 969), 50.7%(4 571/9 018), 60.2%(5 568/9 244) and 33.2%(3 018/9 087). Compared with 2011(39.6%, 53.5% and 34.1%), the proportion of patients with ideal serum phosphorus (0.80-1.78 mmol/L) and calcium (2.10-2.54 mmol/L) levels increased by 11.1% and 6.7% respectively, and the proportion with PTH 150-300 ng/L decreased by 0.9%. The proportion of hospitals for using non-calcium phosphate binders (lanthanum carbonate from 1.9% to 87.3% and sevelamer carbonate from 14.8% to 63.5%) and surgical treatment (from 38.9% to 68.3%) for SHPT dramatically increased.Conclusions:Through the availability of medicine increases, and nephrologists gain deeper understanding in management and treatment of CKD-MBD, the detection rate for CKD-MBD indicators and the eligible rate have significantly improved compared with those in 2011. However, the comprehensive management of CKD-MBD in Shanghai still faces great challenges. It is still necessary to further improve eligible rate for serum phosphorus and iPTH, so as to provide more evidences and management strategies for integrated management of end-stage renal disease and prevention of abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients.