Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease accompanied with airway inflammation, airway remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Chemokines are important for the recruitment of immune cells to the lung, which play an important role in the formation and development of asthma. Targeting the chemokine receptors to anti-inflammation and anti-asthma is a new strategy and some candidate drugs are discovered recently. This review is focused on the development of chemokine receptor antagonists for anti-asthma, which will promote the compound designations.

ObjectiveTo establish the rat model of multi-infarct dementia. MethodsSephadex (4 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml) was injected into the internal carotid artery through the common carotid artery. Neurological deficits were measured 24 h after the operation, and Morris water maze test as well as Nissl stain were observed 26～30 d after the operation. ResultsThere was significant difference between the model groups injected sephadex of 8 ml/ml and 4 mg/ml in the neurologic deficits. In the following experiment, the rats injected sephadex of 8 mg/ml were only used as model. For the water maze test, the escape latency was longer (P＜0.01) and the frequency across target area reduced (P＜0.01) in the model, while the apoptotic Nissl body could be observed. ConclusionA model of multi-infarct dementia could be established with the sephadex in rats.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 5 unsaturated fatty acids in Perilla oil cap-sule. METHODS:With the reference material of α-linolenic acid methyl ester,GC was used to determine and calculate the relative correction factors of α-linolenic acid methyl ester with methyl palmitate,methyl stearate,methyl oleate and linoleic acid methyl es-ter,and the correction factors were used to calculate the contents of 5 unsaturated fatty acids;the column was Agilent Innowax cap-illary column,the detector was FID,the inlet temperature was 230 ℃,the detector temperature was 250 ℃,the gas flow rate was 20 ml/min(nitrogen),40 ml/min(hydrogen)and 350 ml/min(air),split ratio was 30 to 1,the column temperature was 190 ℃, and injection volume was 1 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.018-0.792 μg(r=0.9994)for methyl palmitate,0.0016-0.0176μg(r=0.9993)for methyl stearate,0.0056-0.2464 μg(r=0.9999)for methyl oleate,0.003-0.132 μg(r=0.9990)for linoleic acid methyl ester and 0.018-0.792 μg(r=0.9998) for α-linolenic acid methyl ester;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 5%;recoveries were 98.990%-101.70%(RSD=0.720%,n=6) for methyl palmitate,99.599%-100.699%(RSD=0.368%,n=6) for methyl stearate,98.996%-101.680%(RSD=1.240%,n=6) for methyl oleate,99.813%-100.963%(RSD=0.434%,n=6)for linoleic acid methyl ester and 97.185%-99.602%(RSD=0.874%,n=6)for α-linolenic acid methyl es-ter. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and stable with good reproducibility,and can be used for the simultaneous determina-tion of methyl palmitate,methyl stearate,methyl oleate,linoleic acid methyl ester,α-linolenic acid methyl ester in Perilla oil cap-sule.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of 7 residual solvents(ethanol,n-hexane,benzene,tolu-ene,xylene,styrene,divinylbenzene)in Liuwei dihuang glycoside. METHODS:The column was DB-624 capillary column,carri-er gas was nitrogen,flow rate was 5.0 ml/min;detector was a hydrogen flame ionization detector with temperature of 250 ℃(pro-grammed temperature);equilibrium temperature was 80 ℃,sample loop temperature was 90 ℃,and transfer line temperature was 100 ℃;the equilibrium time of vial heating was 30 min,sample loop filling time was 0.05 min,injection time was 1.0 min;the carrier gas pressure was 95 kpa,and the vial pressure was 60 kpa. RESULTS:The linear range was 25-500 μg/ml for ethanol(r=0.998 7),0.025-10μg/ml for n-hexane(r=0.998 8),0.025-10μg/ml for benzene(r=0.999 9),0.1-40μg/ml for toluene(r=1.000 0),0.25-100 μg/ml for xylene(r=0.999 9),0.5-500 μg/ml for styrene(r=1.000 0) and 0.5-500 μg/ml for divinylbenzene (r=1.000 0);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 4%;recoveries were 99.60%-102.70%(RSD=1.08%,n=9),90.70%-100.30%(RSD=4.51%,n=9),100.10%-109.80%(RSD=3.82%,n=9),99.50%-110.00%(RSD=4.40%,n=9),100.00%-109.10%(RSD=3.50%,n=9),93.40%-102.30%(RSD=3.73%,n=9) and 99.70%-101.70%(RSD=0.79%,n=9),respectively;the low limits of detection were 1.000,0.025,0.025,0.025,0.100,0.025,0.250 μg/ml respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible,and can be used for the determination of residual solvents(etha-nol,n-hexane,benzene,toluene,xylene,styrene,divinylbenzene)in Liuwei dihuang glycoside.

Objective To investigate the influence factors of tumor diameter and related prognostic factors on the prognosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 240 patients who underwent resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 1995 and January 2013 were collected,including 104 patients with tumor diameter ≤ 2 cm (8 with tumor diameter ≤ 1 cm and 96 with 1 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 2 cm),85 with 2 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm and 51 with tumor diameter ＞ 3 cm (40 with 3 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 4 cm and 11 with tumor diameter ＞ 4 cm).Observation indicators:(1) surgical situations;(2) follow-up situations;(3) risk factors analysis affecting the prognosis of patients;(4) correlation analysis between related prognostic indicators and tumor diameter.The follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect the survival up to August 2016.The survival curve and survival rate were respectively drawn and calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method,and the Log-rank test was used for survival analysis.The prognostic factors and correlation between related prognostic indicators and tumor diameter were respectively analyzed using the COX proportional hazard model and logistic regression model.Results (1) Surgical situations:240 patients underwent successful resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and lymph node dissection.Of 73 patients with postoperative complications,1 died of intraperitoneal infection induced to systemic infection and multiple organ failure,1 diel of renal failure,and other patients were cured by symptomatic treatment.(2) Follow-up situations:240 patients were followed up for 12.0-98.0 months,with a median time of 47.4 months.The overall median survival time,1-,3-and 5-year overall survival rates were respectively 30.6 months,81％,47％ and 29％.The median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 46.5 months,34％ in patients with tumor diameter ≤ 2 cm and 30.5 months,30％ in patients with 2 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm and 13.8 months,20％ in patients with tumor diameter ＞ 3 cm,respectively,with a statistically significant difference (x2 =17.83,P＜0.05).Results of further analysis showed the median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 31.3 months,38％ in patients with tumor diameter ≤ 1 cm and 46.5 months,34％ in patients with 1 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 2 cm,respectively,with no statistically significant difference (x2=1.16,P＞O.05).The median survival time and 1-year survival rate were 14.7 months,62％ in patients with 3 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 4 cm and 13.0 months,55％ in patients with tumor diameter ＞ 4 cm,respectively,with no statistically significant difference (x2 =2.34,P＞O.05).(3) Risk factors analysis affecting the prognosis of patients:univariate analysis showed that tumor diameter,surgical margin,lymph node metastasis,vascular invasion and histological differentiation were the related factors affecting patients' prognosis [hazard ratio (HR)=1.456,8.714,1.737,2.246,1.665;95％ confidence interval (C I):1.212-1.748,5.558-13.663,1.311-2.301,1.494-3.378,1.375-2.016,P ＜ 0.05].The multivariate analysis showed that 2 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm,tumor diameter ＞ 3 cm,R1 resection,lymph node metastasis and low-differentiated tumor were the independent risk factors affecting poor prognosis of patients (HR =1.559,1.868,7.410,1.521,2.274,95％ CI:1.125-2.160,1.265-2.759,4.497-12.212,1.136-2.037,1.525-3.390,P＜0.05).(4) Correlation analysis between related prognostic indicators and tumor diameter:the results of univariate analysis showed that there was a correlation between lymph node metastasis,vascular invasion,histological differentiation and T staging of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and tumor diameter of 2 cm as a cut-off point (x2 =6.063,4.950,8.770,9.069,P＜0.05).There was a correlation between surgical margin,lymph node metastasis,vascular invasion and histological differentiation and tumor diameter of 3 cm as a cut-off point (x2=10.251,9.919,5.485,15.632,P＜0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and T staging of AJCC were independent related factors affecting tumor diameter of 2 cm as a cut-off point[odds ratio (OR) =1.882,2.104,95 ％CI:1.075-3.293,1.220-3.631,P＜0.05];surgical margin and lymph node metastasis were independent related factors affecting tumor diameter of 3 cm as a cut-off point (OR=3.187,2.211,95 ％CI:1.377-7.379,1.133-4.314,P＜0.05).Conclusions The 2 cm ＜ tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm,tumor diameter ＞ 3 cm,R1 resection,lymph node metastasis and low-differentiated tumor are the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Three cm (T staging in De Oliveira staging system) as the second cut-off point is feasible,meanwhile,2 cm cut-off point may be become another potential tumor dividing point described in De Oliveira staging system.

Objective:To study the effects of gantry acceleration limitations of a linear accelerator (linac) on the dosimetry of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans, machine efficiency, and dose verification result of VMAT plans and to explore the optimal selection of gantry motion models in the Pinnacle treatment planning system.Methods:Ten cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, sigmoid adenocarcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were each selected for this study. Then two models were set up in the Pinnacle v9.10 treatment planning system, namely the one allowing gantry acceleration and the one limiting gantry acceleration. The same field arrangement, optimized target parameters, and optimized weights of VMAT plans were adopted in the two models, in order to analyze the dosimetric variations in targets and organs at risk (OARs) and compare the differences in treatment time and gamma passing rates.Results:The treatment time of the enrolled patients under the model allowing gantry acceleration was significantly lower than that of the patients under the model limiting gantry acceleration was adopted ( t=-6.751, -0.209, -19.523, -28.999; P< 0.05) and decreased by 15.27%, 18.07%, 19.71%, and 28.75%, respectively. Meanwhile, the conformity and uniformity of target areas were affected, while there was no statistical significance in the gamma passing rates in the validation of VMAT plans ( P>0.05). For the cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the maximum dose to brainstem PRV increased by 1.25%. For the cases of lung cancer, the maximum dose to the spinal cord and lung V20 increased by 1.19% and 1.21%, respectively, while lung V5 decreased by 1.21%. For the cases of sigmoid adenocarcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, the mean doses to bilateral kidneys, livers, small intestine, and colon all increased. For the cases of breast cancer, lung V10 on the opposite side of cancer increased by 1.66% and the mean dose to the lungs on the same side of cancer decreased by 7.45%. Conclusions:The model allowing gantry acceleration allows the treatment time to be significantly shortened and the treatment efficiency improved. Although this model had the shortcomings such as affecting the conformity and uniformity of target areas to a certain extent and increasing the doses to some OARs, clinical requirements for dosimetry were still met. Therefore, it is recommended to use the model allowing gantry acceleration in the Pinnacle planning system.

Objective: To explore the effects of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) on proliferation and apoptosis of epidermal cells in wound margin of mice and its effects on wound healing. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy specific pathogen free (SPF) C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) male mice aged 8-12 weeks and 60 SPF T lymphocyte receptor δ-knockout (TCR δ^-/-) male mice aged 8-12 weeks were selected to conduct the following experiments. (1) Eight WT mice were selected to isolate epidermal cells and primarily culture DETC according to the random number table. Morphological observation and purity identification of DETC by flow cytometer were detected immediately after culture and on culture day (CD) 15 and 30, respectively. (2) According to the random number table, 5 WT mice and 5 TCR δ^-/- mice were selected and enrolled into WT control group and TCR δ^-/- group. Round full-thickness skin defect with diameter of 6 mm was made on the back of each mouse. The wound healing condition was observed immediately after injury and on post injury day (PID) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and the percentage of residual wound area was calculated. (3) Mice were selected to group and reproduce model of full-thickness skin defect as in experiment (2). On PID 3, the tissue of wound margin was collected for hematoxylin eosin staining, and the length of new epithelium was measured. (4) Mice were selected to group and reproduce model of full-thickness skin defect as in experiment (2). On PID 3, epidermal tissue of wound margin was collected to determine expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using Western blotting for evaluation of proliferation of epidermal cell. (5) Mice were selected to group and reproduce model of full-thickness skin defect as in experiment (2). On PID 3, epidermal tissue of wound margin was selected and digested into single-cell suspension, and apoptosis of cells was detected by flow cytometer. (6) Forty TCR δ^-/- mice were selected to carry out the same treatment as in experiments (2)-(5). According to the random number table, these mice were enrolled into TCR δ^-/- control group and TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group, with 5 mice in each group for each experiment. Round full-thickness skin defect was made on the back of each mouse. DETC in the number of 1×10⁵ (dissolution in 100 μL phosphate with buffer purity above 90%) were injected through multiple points of wound margin of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group immediately after injury, and equal volume of phosphate buffer was injected into mice of TCR δ^-/- control group with the same method as above. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance for repeated measurement, t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) Along with the culture time elapse, the number of dendritic structures of DETC increased gradually. The percentage of T lymphocytes was 4.67% and 94.1% of these T lymphocytes were DETC. The purity of DETC on CD 15 was 18.50% and the purity of DETC on CD 30 was 98.70%. (2) Immediately after injury, the wound healing condition of mice in WT control group and TCR δ^-/- group was similar. The wound healing speed of mice in TCR δ^-/- group was slower than that in WT control group on PID 2-10. The percentages of residual wound area of mice in TCR δ^-/- group on PID 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 were increased significantly compared with those in WT control group (t=3.492, 4.425, 4.170, 4.780, 7.318, P<0.01). (3) The length of new epithelium of mice in TCR δ^-/- group on PID 3 was (359 ± 15) μm, which was obviously shorter than that in WT control group [(462±26) μm, t=3.462, P<0.01]. (4) Immediately after injury, wound condition of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group and TCR δ^-/- control group was similar. Compared with TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group, the wound healing speed of mice in TCR δ^-/- control group were obviously slower on PID 2-10. The percentages of residual wound area of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group on PID 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 were decreased significantly compared with those in TCR δ^-/- control group (t=2.308, 3.725, 2.698, 3.707, 6.093, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (5) On PID 3, the length of new epithelium of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group was (465±31) μm, which was obviously longer than that in TCR δ^-/- control group [(375±21) μm, t=2.390, P<0.05]. (6) On PID 3, PCNA expression of epidermal cell in wound margin of mice in TCR δ^-/- group was 1.25±0.04, which was obviously lower than that in WT control group (2.01±0.09, t=7.415, P<0.01). (7) On PID 3, PCNA expression of epidermal cell in wound margin of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group was 1.62±0.08, which was significantly higher than that in TCR δ^-/- control group (1.05±0.14, t=3.561, P<0.05). (8) On PID 3, apoptosis rate of epidermal cell in wound margin of mice in TCR δ^-/- group was (16.1±1.4)%, which was higher than that in WT control group [(8.1±0.6)%, t=5.363, P<0.01]. (9) On PID 3, apoptosis rate of epidermal cell in wound margin of mice in TCR δ^-/-+ DETC group was (11.4±1.0)%, which was obviously lower than that in TCR δ^-/- control group [(15.4±1.4)%, t=2.377, P<0.05]. Conclusions DETC participates in the process of wound healing though promoting the proliferation of epidermal cells in wound margin and inhibit the apoptosis of these cells.

Objective: To explore effects of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) and Vγ4 T lymphocytes on proliferation and differentiation of mice epidermal cells and the effects in wound healing of mice. Methods: (1) Six C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 weeks were collected and divided into control group and wound group according to random number table (the same grouping method below), with 3 mice in each group. A 4 cm long straight excision with full-thickness skin defect was cut on back of each mouse in wound group, while mice in control group received no treatment. On post injury day (PID) 3, mice in 2 groups were sacrificed, and skin within 5 mm from the wound margin on back of mice in wound group and normal skin on corresponding part of mice in control group were collected to make single cell suspensions. The percentage of Vγ4 T lymphocyte expressing interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and percentage of DETCs expressing insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ) were detected by flow cytometer. (2) Ten C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 weeks were collected and divided into control group and Vγ4 T lymphocyte depletion group with 5 mice in each group. Mice in Vγ4 T lymphocyte depletion group were injected with 200 g Vγ4 T lymphocyte monoclonal neutralizing antibody of Armenian hamster anti-mouse intraperitoneally, and mice in control group were injected with the same amount of Armenian hamster Ig intraperitoneally. One hole with full-thickness skin defect was made on each side of spine of back of each mice. The wound healing was observed on PID 1-8, and percentage of remaining wound area was calculated. (3) Six C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 weeks were grouped and treated in the same way as in experiment (2), with 3 mice in each group. On PID 3, expressions of IL-17A and IGF-Ⅰ in epidermis on margin of wound were detected with Western blotting. (4) Thirty C57BL/6 male mice aged 3 days were sacrificed, and epidermal cells were extracted. The keratin 14 positive cell rate was examined by flow cytometer (the same detecting method below). (5) Another batch of mouse epidermal cells were collected and divided into control group, IGF-Ⅰ group, and IL-17A group, with 3 wells in each group (the same well number below). Cells in IGF-Ⅰ group and IL-17A group were added with 1 mL recombinant mouse IGF-Ⅰ and IL-17A with final mass concentration of 100 ng/mL respectively, while cells in control group were added with the same amount of sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS). On post culture day (PCD) 5, keratin 14 negative cell rate was examined. Another batch of mouse epidermal cells were collected, grouped, and treated in the same way as aforementioned experiment, and keratin 10 positive cell rate was examined on PCD 10. (6) Another batch of mouse epidermal cells were collected and added with 4 mmol/L 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE) solution, and divided into control 0 d group, control 7 d group, IGF-Ⅰ group, and IL-17A group. Cells in IGF-Ⅰ group and IL-17A group were treated in the same way as the corresponding groups in experiment (5), and cells in control 0 d group and control 7 d group were treated in the same way as the control group in experiment (5). The CFSE fluorescence peaks were examined on PCD 0 of control 0 d group and PCD 7 of the other 3 groups. (7) Another batch of mouse epidermal cells were collected and divided into control group and IGF-Ⅰ group. Cells in IGF-Ⅰ group were added with 1 mL recombinant mouse IGF-Ⅰ with final mass concentration of 100 ng/mL, and cells in control group were added with the same amount of sterile PBS. On PCD 5, cells were underwent keratin 14 staining and CFSE staining as aforementioned, and keratin 14 negative cell rate of CFSE positive cells was examined. Another batch of mouse epidermal cells were collected and divided into control group and IL-17A group. Cells in IL-17A group were added with 1 mL recombinant mouse IL-17A with final mass concentration of 100 ng/mL, and cells in control group were added with the same amount of sterile PBS. On PCD 5, keratin 14 negative cell rate of CFSE positive cells was examined. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and t test. Results: (1) On PID 3, percentage of DETC expressing IGF-Ⅰ in normal epidermis of control group was (9.9±0.8)%, significantly lower than (19.0±0.6)% of epidermis around margin of wound group (t=8.70, P<0.01); percentage of Vγ4 T lymphocyte expressing IL-17A in normal epidermis of control group was (0.123±0.024)%, significantly lower than (8.967±0.406)% of epidermis around margin of wound group (t=21.77, P<0.01). (2) On PID 1-4, there was obvious inflammatory reaction around wounds of mice in control group, and on PID 5-8, the wound area was still large. On PID 1-4, there was slight inflammatory reaction around wounds of mice in Vγ4 T lymphocyte depletion group, and on PID 5-8, the wound area was significantly reduced. On PID 3-7, percentages of residual wound area in Vγ4 T lymphocyte depletion group were significantly lower than those in control group (t=5.92, 5.74, 7.17, 5.38, 5.57, P<0.01), while percentages of residual wound area in two groups on PID 1, 2, 6 were similar (t=1.46, 3.17, 3.10, P>0.05). (3) On PID 3, compared with those in control group, expression of IL-17A and IGF-Ⅰ in epidermis around wound margin of mice in Vγ4 T lymphocyte depletion group was markedly decreased and increased respectively (t=8.47, 19.24, P<0.01). (4) The keratin 14 positive cell rate of mouse epidermal cells was 94.7%. (5) On PCD 5, the keratin 14 negative cell rate of mice in control group was markedly higher than that of IGF-Ⅰ group, while significantly lower than that of IL-17A group (t=7.25, 5.64, P<0.01). On PCD 10, the keratin 10 positive cell rate of mice in control group was significantly higher than that of IGF-Ⅰ group, while significantly lower than that of IL-17A group (t=3.99, 10.82, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (6) Compared with that of control 0 d group, CFSE fluorescence peaks of mouse epidermal cells in control 7 d group, IGF-Ⅰ group, and IL-17A group on PCD 7 shifted to the left. Compared with that of control 7 d group, CFSE fluorescence peaks of mouse epidermal cells in IGF-Ⅰ group and IL-17A group on PCD 7 shifted to the left. (7) On PCD 5, keratin 14 negative cell rate of CFSE positive cells of mice in control group was significantly higher than that in IGF-Ⅰ group (t=9.91, P<0.01), and keratin 14 negative cell rate of CFSE positive cells of mice in control group was markedly lower than that in IL-17A group (t=6.49, P<0.01). Conclusions In the process of wound healing, IGF-Ⅰ secreted by DETC can promote the proliferation of mouse keratin 14 positive epidermal cells and inhibit their terminal differentiation, while IL-17A secreted by Vγ4 T lymphocyte can promote the proliferation and terminal differentiation of mouse keratin 14 positive epidermal cells, thus both IGF-Ⅰ and IL-17A can affect wound healing.