Objective Radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs.This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number: normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs.Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays.Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days.Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. Results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ) .Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.

Objective To understand the prevalence of group sex in men who have sex with men (MSM) and related factors in Taizhou,Zhejiang province.Methods From March 2013 to September 2015,a cross-sectional survey was conducted among MSM recruited from gay bars or bath houses in Taizhou by using questionnaire to collect the information about their sexual behavior and HIV test.Results A total of 1 435 MSM were recruited,179 of them (12.5％) were HIV infected,231 (16.1％) reported group sex during the past year.Compared with MSM without group sex,more MSM with group sex had more than ten male sexual partners (53.7％ vs.19.0％,x2=125.527,P＜ 0.01),had both male and female sexual partners (86.6％ vs.68.2％,x2=31.935,P＜0.01),used no condom at sex with female partners during the past year (28.1％ vs.19.8％,x2=6.540,P＜0.05).After adjusted for educational level and occupation,group sex was associated with age [≥ 50 years old vs.≤ 24 years old,adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.25,P=0.027],marriage with female (divorced or widowed vs.unmarried,aOR=0.29,P=0.001),census registering (local resident vs.non-local resident,aOR=1.56,P=0.023),number of male seuxal partners (≥21 vs.2-5,aOR=8.06,P＜0.001;11-20 vs.2-5,aOR=3.25,P＜0.001) and number of female seuxal partners (≥6 vs.0,aOR=2.63,P=0.005;2-5 vs.0,aOR=2.58,P=0.001;1 vs.0,aOR=2.01,P=0.010).Conclusion The prcvalcncc of group sex in MSM was high in Taizhou,and their poor condom use and complex sex behaviors would result in higher HIV infection rate and risk of transmission.

Objective To investigate the risky sexual behaviors,associated factors and characteristics of sexual network among clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) at the clinics in Taizhou prefecture of Zhejiang province.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted.Data was collected through questionnaire and from the national unified MMT system.Urine was collected to test heroin,methamphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine.Blood was collected to test infections on HIV,hepatitis C vims(HCV) and syphilis.Results Totally,362 clients were recruited.Most of the clients were male (88.7％),31--40 year-olds (54.5％),married (61.6％) and having received junior high school education (56.6％).85.1％ of them received urine test with 82(26.6％) positive for heroin,21 (6.8％) positive for methamphetamine,19 (6.2％) positive for MDMA and none for ketamine.77.1％ of them received blood test,and prevalence rates for HIV,HCV and syphilis were 1.1％,36.7％ and 3.6％.19.5％ of the clients who had sex in the past 6 months.Factors as having multiple sexual partners and positive for club drugs were under higher risk.Sexual networking seemed to be loose,linear and acyclic among this population but overlapping with the drug-using network.Conclusion Effective and targeted interventions should be taken among the MMT clients since continuing drug use and HIV/STD related sexual behavior were found common in them,suggesting there was a risk of HIV/STD transmission in this ppulation.

Objective To study the effects of preoperative autologous blood donation on involution of uterus of puerpera under cesarean section after delivery. Methods Non-autologous blood donation was applied as control group. Height of uterus declining, pain of uterine contraction, amount of lochia, ending time of lochia and involution of uterus under ul-trasound B after delivery were compared between both groups. Results Heigh of uterus, score of uterine contraction pain, mean ending time of lochia, the sum of three dimensions of uterus in the third day and the seventh day and inci-dence of endometrial cavity fluid in the preoperative autologous blood donation group were lower than those in the non-autologous blood donation group. Mean good rate of involution of uterus in 42 days after delivery was higher than that in the non-autologous blood donation group. All the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Pre-operative autologous blood donation is able to promote the involution of uterus after delivery, alleviate postpartum con-traction pain and significantly shorten lochia time, which is worthy of promotion.

Objective To examine the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection as well as plasma HCV viral load among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults during 2009-2012 in Taizhou prefecture of Zhejiang province,China.Methods Five hundred and seventy-two adults who were newly diagnosed as HIV-infection were screened for anti-HCV immunoglobulin G (IgG).Plasma HCV RNA was quantified if positive for HCV IgG.Results Forty-two (7.3％) out of the 572 HIV-infected adults were tested positive for HCV IgG.HCV infection was more likely to occur among participants who were infected with HIV through blood transmission (OR=49.46,95％CI:13.71-178.48).Otherwise,HCV infection was less likely to occur among participants who were under 46-86 years of age (OR=0.12,95％CI:0.02-0.58),those with mode of homosexual transmission of HIV (OR=0.11,95％ C I:0.01-0.86),with education of high school or above (OR=0.13,95％ CI:0.02-0.78).Thirty-three (78.6％) of the total 42 HIV-HCV patients with coinfection had detectable plasma HCV RNA,whereas 9 (21.4％) had undetectable plasma HCV RNA (i.e.,lower than 5.0 × 102 IU/ml) or known as relative HCV viral suppression.No significant associations were noticed on factors as:HCV viral suppression and demographics,HIV transmission route and CD4 + T-cell counts according to univariate regression analyses.Conclusion Prevalence of HCV co-infection was relatively high among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in this study area.Majority of the HIV-HCV coinfected patients had detectable plasma HCV RNA,of which the long term impact on disease progression deserves called for further research.

Epilepsy is a common disease in central nervous system;most patients with epilepsy after regular anti-epilepsy drug treatment can be controlled,but drug treatment in about 20％-30％ of patients is invalid,known as refractory epilepsy.With the development of imaging techniques,PET/MRI emerge and they combine anatomical and functional imaging,which makes the imaging more clear,enjoying more accurate anatomical structure.Thus,PET/MRIplay important roles in the process of pathogenesis,diagnosis and preoperative assessment of epilepsy.We mainly introduce the concepts of PET/MRIand the comparison with other imaging technology,and describe the application of PET/MRI in preoperative assessment ofrefractory epilepsy.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of alcohol use and related factors in HIV positive and HIV negative males. Methods: Baseline data were from the prospective cohort study of comparative HIV and aging research in Taizhou of Zhejiang province from January to December, 2017. The information about alcohol use in the last month was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire interview. Participants were categorized into non-current drinkers, light/moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers according to the US National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) standard. Results: A total of 1 367 HIV positive males and 2 418 HIV negative males were included. Current alcohol use rate (35.2%, 481/1 367) and heavy alcohol use rate (5.0%, 24/481) were significantly lower in HIV positive males than in HIV negative males (48.0%, 1 161/2 418; 23.5%, 273/1 161), but the proportion of drinking wine and yellow rice wine were significantly higher (21.8%, 105/481; 9.1%, 44/481) in HIV positive males than in HIV negative males (13.5%, 157/1 161; 5.8%, 67/1 161). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis results showed that larger waist circumference, current smoking and regular physical exercise were associated with heavy alcohol use behavior in HIV positive males, and age ≥30 years, current smoking, regular physical exercise, higher score of depressive symptoms, heterosexual transmission route and baseline CD₄⁺T cells counts of 200-499 cells/μl were significantly associated with mild/moderate alcohol use behavior in HIV positive males. Conclusions The alcohol use rate was significantly lower in HIV positive males than in HIV negative males in Taizhou. It is important to strengthen intervention on alcohol drinking behavior and chronic disease risk factors, such as larger waist circumference, smoking and so on.

Objective: To understand the characteristics of sleep disorder in HIV positive and negative individuals, and compare the distributions and epidemiologic characteristic of different subtypes of sleep disorder between two groups. Methods: Baseline data were from the prospective cohort study of comparative HIV and aging research in Taizhou of Zhejiang province from January to December, 2017. A total of 459 HIV positive patients and 798 HIV negative controls with sleep disorders (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index >5 or at least one question with answers of "most nights" or "every night" for Jenkins Sleep Scale) were included in the analysis. Cluster analysis was conducted to identify the different subtypes of sleep disorder based on 15 sleep-related questions. Results: A total of 1 257 participants were divided into three groups (clusters), i.e. difficulty falling asleep and sleep keeping group (cluster 1), the mild symptoms group (cluster 2), and restless night and daytime dysfunction group (cluster 3), accounting for 19.4% (89/459), 63.8% (293/459) and 16.8% (77/459) in HIV positive group and 13.8% (110/798), 60.5% (483/798) and 25.7% (205/798) in HIV negative group (χ²=16.62, P<0.001). In HIV positive group, the patients in cluster 1 and 3 were older and had higher frailty score, the patients in cluster 1 had highest level of depression, and the more patients in cluster 3 had low body weight or overweight (χ²=13.29, P=0.039; χ²=23.33, P<0.001; χ²=25.71, P<0.001; χ²=15.37, P=0.004). In HIV-negative group, similar findings were found for age, depressive symptoms and frailty score. In addition, the proportion of those who were illiteracy or with primary school education level was significantly high in cluster 1, and the proportion of abnormal waist-to-hip ratio was significantly higher in cluster 1 and 3 (χ²=30.59, P<0.001; χ²=11.61, P=0.003). Conclusions The proportion of every subtype of sleep disorder in HIV positive individuals were different to those in HIV negative individuals. Mental and physical health status were the main factors affecting the prevalence of sleep disorder. It is necessary to conduct targeted interventions to improve sleep quality.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups and their correlation with neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in HIV positive individuals. Methods: Baseline data were from the prospective cohort study of comparative HIV and aging research in Taizhou of Zhejiang province from January to December, 2017. A cross-sectional survey was performed in 448 HIV positive individuals. Sanger method was used for the sequencing and genotyping of whole mitochondrial genome of HIV positive individuals. NCD prevalence in the HIV positive individuals was assessed by Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) in questionnaire interviews. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between mtDNA haplogroups and NCD. Results: In this sample, mitochondrial haplogroups D (19.6%, 88/448), B (19.4%, 87/448) and F(17.0%, 76/448) were the most predominant haplogroups. The overall prevalence rate of NCD was 20.3% (91/448), and was high in haplogroups A (23.1%, 9/39), D (21.6%, 19/88), F (26.3%, 20/76) and M7 groups (26.1%, 12/46), respectively. In multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting confounding factors, such as age and gender, compared with haplogroup A, there were no differences in the prevalence rate of NCD among HIV positive individuals with haplogroup B, D, F, M7, M8, N9, and others. Conclusion The study explored primarily correlation between mitochondrial haplogroups and NCD among HIV positive individuals and suggested that there is no significant association between mitochondrial haplogroups and NCD, but further longitudinal investigation with large sample size of HIV positive population is needed to confirm this finding.

UNLABELLEDObstract: To characterize and analyze risky sexual networks and genetic scales to potential HIV transmission for HIV seroconcordant couples in Taizhou municipality of Zhejiang Province.

METHODSHIV seroconcordant positive couples were invited as index cases to participate in an egocentric survey on HIV related risky behavior and behavioral network prior to HIV diagnosis during 2008-2011. Within-couple HIV transmission pairs were determined by the combination of both behavioral and phylogenetic analysis.

RESULTSTotally 27 HIV seroconcordant couples were enrolled in this study. Male spouses were more likely to report having two or more sexual partners in the past years prior to HIV diagnosis than female spouses (88.9% vs. 37.0%). Among 27 couples, 20 couples including 17 couples by male but not female spouses, 3 couples by female but not male spouses reported having two or more sexual partners (i.e., multiple sexual partners) prior to HIV diagnosis; and 7 couples by both spouses reported having multiple sexual partners. Twenty four of 27 sexual networks were determined to be HIV transmission pairs (20) or potential transmission pairs (4), 3 couples were subtyped with discordant HIV subtypes or large genetic distance and thus had different sources of HIV transmissions. In addition, among 27 concordant couples, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) or primary HIVDR existed in 6 ART-naïve participants in 4 networks; among them, 2 networks were determined to be potential HIVDR transmission couple pairs.

CONCLUSIONSThe HIV strains isolated in HIV infected spouses characterized with diversity and CRF01_AE was the main strain subtype. One of the spouses with risky behavior infected HIV was the main route of transmission to other spouses through unprotected sexual contacts. HIVDR was isolated from some HIV infected individuals, suggesting the risk for HIVDR transmission in married couples. The results provide enhanced evidence for urgent development of tailored prevention strategies, such as couple-based HIV counseling and testing services to reduce HIV secondary transmission.