Endoscopic ultrasonography has been widely used in the diagnosis of digestive system disease,and has great important diagnostic significance in the differential diagnosis of the upper gastrointestinal mucosa or submucosal lesions,as well as to distinguish the gastrointestinal intracavitary and extracavitary lesions.At the same time,EUS can more accurately judge the depth of tumor invasion and the surrounding lymph node metastasis,which has great value in the preoperative TNM staging of esophageal cancer and gastriccancer,the judgment of resectability and the prognosis.We summarized the result of EUS in the upper gastrointestinal disease in our hospital.

[ ABSTRACT] Interstitial cells of Cajal ( ICC) is the pacemaker in the gastrointestinal tract , which is closely as-sociated with the formation of slow wave and the regulation of gastrointestinal motility .As the pacemaker of gastrointestinal tract, the activation of pacing signal is triggered by the local calcium oscillation in the ICC .The change of calcium concen-tration can activate many relevant ion channels , such as NSCC, ANO1, VGCC, HCN channels and potassium channels , which can generate a large number of pacing current to form the slow wave and then propagated by the gap junction between the ICC networks and smooth muscle cells to make the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract in autonomic rhythm .However, the mechanism of these ion channels in the pacemaker activity is still unclear , so we refer to make a review about the re-search progress on these pacemaker channels in this article to illuminate the mechanism of pacemaker activity in ICC .

Objective To investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and analyze its related factors in community populations to provide the early diagnosis of osteoporosis (OP) and give right guidance to prevent osteoporosis. Methods The quantitative ultrasound BMD analyzer was used to measure BMD of heel in 8 711 adults in community. At the same time a questionnaire survey was conducted among these subjects. The data were analyzed by Logistic stepwise regression analysis. Results With the age changing, males and females tended to have different BMD variation. Male and female's BMD peak values were respectively in 35-age group, 30-age group and decreased as age increased. T value of BMD was different between male and female (-1.40(-2.0--0.7)vs-1.3(-2.0--0.5))(P<0.001). Both men and women had a higher incidence of low bone mass (53.34%vs 47.46%), and the difference was significant (P<0.001), whereas the incidence of osteoporosis after 55 years of age between men and women was statistically significance (P<0.05). BMD was the lowest for female than for male in 50-age group, and the prevalence rate of OP was remarkably increased. Analysis of related factors of BMD showed that body mass index (BMI), age, diabetes and menopause were risk facts. Conclusion The BMD among adults is related to many factors, in which the age, BMI and menopause are the most important factors. Much attention should be paid to low bone mass phenomenon, timely monitoring, timely intervention, develop healthy working and living habits, is important to the prevention of osteoporosis and its complications.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a China-made disposable peroral cholangioscope in animal cholangioscopy.Methods:Six healthy Bama minipigs underwent the domestic disposable peroral cholangioscopy after anesthesia. The operation performance and image quality of the products were evaluated, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded.Results:All 6 animals received the domestic disposable peroral cholangioscopy. The cholangioscope showed good operating performance and could smoothly enter the biliary tract through the duodenoscope. The water injection, suction and instrument channels were unobstructed. The cholangioscopic image was clear, the color resolution was good, and there was no image distortion. The lumen and the mucosal surface could be accurately assessed. During the examination, there was no operative injuries such as bleeding, perforation, or adverse events such as respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. All pigs survived the operation with no adverse reaction.Conclusion:The China-made disposable peroral cholangioscope is safe, with good operability and high-quality image.

Hepatic osteodystrophy （HO） should be treated by stages based on the differentiation of root deficiency and branch excess. The root cause of HO is the insufficiency of the liver， spleen， and kidney， and the branch onset should be differentiated by stages that in the incubation， the pathogenesis is shaoyang （少阳） constraint and block and cardinal disturbance， while in the attack period， it is turbid toxin， static heat， scorching marrow and withering bones. In treatment， attention should be paid to regulating and tonifying the depletion of the liver， spleen， and kidney to cultivate the foundation. In the incubation period， it is suggested to put focus on unblocking cardinal disturbance of shaoyang liver and gallbladder so as to regulate and harmonize qi and blood. In the attack period， the focus should be on dissolving stasis， removing turbidity， and clearing the source to promote gallbladder function and bone strength. In clinical practice， medication should be modified according to individual symptoms， and the root and the branch， the primary and the secondary should be differentiated to closely follow the pathogenesis and be tailored according to the symptoms. At the same time， reasonable and safe medication should be emphasized to protect liver function.

Based on Chaihu Biejia Decoction （柴胡鳖甲汤， CBD） created by Professor LIU Duzhou， a newly modified CBD has been formulated. The differentiation and treatment of liver cirrhosis can be divided into three stages， that is， the early stage when liver cirrhosis is about to be， the middle stage when liver cirrhosis is formulated after long accumulations， and the late stage when liver cirrhosis has been transformed. Following the pathogenesis， it is recommended to differentiate the abnormal exuberance of zang-fu （脏腑） organs， qi or blood， deficiency or excess， cold or heat in three stages， and newly modified CBD is taken as the basic formula for further modifications. In early stage of liver cirrhosis， the treatment is mainly to invigorate blood and dissolve stasis， clear dampness and heat， and modifications should be made in accordance with the different causes flexibly. The treatment for the middle stage is to soften hardness and dissipate masses， dissolve stasis and clear heat， while fortifying the spleen and supplementing kidneys is accompanied. In the later stage when the healthy qi declines， and the disease is severe and evil prevails， the treatment is to reinforce healthy qi and supplement deficiency， take mild purgation and dispersion， and medicinals to promote urination， stanch bleeding， direct the turbid downward， or open the orifices can be added in accordance with the syndromes so as to treat the branch.