Objective To study the chemical constituents from Clerodendrum inerme.Methods The constituents were isolated and repeatedly purified on silica gel column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis.Results Eight compounds: friedelin (Ⅰ), stigmasterol (Ⅱ), betulinic acid (Ⅲ), acacetin (Ⅳ), syringic acid (Ⅴ), p-methoxybenzoic acid (Ⅵ), apigenin (Ⅶ), and daucosterol (Ⅷ) were isolated from the aerial part of C.inerme. Conclusion Compounds Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, and Ⅷ are isolated from C.inerme for the first time.

BACKGROUND: To summarize the progress of tissue engineering in repairing spinal cord injury in recent years.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and CNKI database (www.cnki.net/index.htm) was performed for articles published between September 1999 and September 2009 with the key words of "spinal cord injury, tissue engineering" in English and Chinese, respectively. Articles published recently or in authoritative journals in the same field were selected.DATA SELECTION: Inclusion criteria: clinical or experimental study about tissue engineering in repairing spinal cord injury.Repetitive studies were excluded. A total of 29 articles were included.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Seed cell selection of tissue engineering; requirements of scaffold materials of tissue-engineered spinal cord, neurotrophic factor for regeneration, special internal environment construction for regeneration.RESULTS: Seed cells of tissue-engineered spinal cord include Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells and bone marrow stromal stem cells. Scaffold materials involve synthetic or modified natural materials, such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and lactic acid/glycolic acid copolymer, which benefit cell attachment and nutrition factor aggregation following surface modification. Antibodies that promote or inhibit nerve growth factor in combination with polyoxyl are coupled to function as tissue-engineered scaffold, which may be approaches to repair spinal cord injury by tissue engineering in combination with stem cell transplantation and electric field/magnetic field stimulation.CONCLUSION: The optimal elements for tissue engineering are the key role in repairing spinal cord injury by tissue engineering.

Objective To investigate the effect of implanted cortical electrical stimulation (CES) on the expression of Nissl bodies and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the brain after ischemic injury,and its mechanism.Methods Models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were established in 23 male Sprague-Dawley rats.They were randomly divided into a CES group (CES,n=13) and a no stimulation group (NS,n=10) and electrical stimulators were implanted in both groups.CES was applied for 14 d in the CES group but not in the NS group.The expression of Nissl bodies and GAP-43 around the infarct were quantified using version 6.0 of the ImagePro Plus system.Results In the CES group the Nissl bodies had a deep color,and their percentage of area was higher than that in the NS group.The GAP-43 positive expression area also had a relatively deep color,and the average percentage of positive expression area was also higher than that in the NS group.Conclusions CES can enhance the expression of Nissl bodies and GAP-43 after cerebral infarction.This suggests that CES can promote axon growth and the formation of new neural circuits.

Objective:To review effects of functional electrical stimulation(FES) on paralyzed or paretic muscles,and introduce the progress of functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury.Methods:A computer-based search was conducted in CNK/and MEDILINE for articles related to functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury from November 1990 to November 2009 with the Keywords of spinal cord injury and electrical stimulation.Data were check firstly.Articles related to functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury were selected and looked for full-texts.The articles were analyzed and summarized.Results:Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can activate paralyzed or paretic muscles to generate functional or therapeutic movements with constant frequency.FES can improve the impaired motor function of muscles stimulated.Functional electrical stimulation technique could repair part of motor function following spinal cord injury.Conclusions:Functional electrical stimulation is a new and promising technique in modem rehabilitation engineering.Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can activate paralyzed or paretic muscles to generate functional or therapeutic movements.FES can improve the impaired motor function of muscles stimulated.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and correlation between synchronous multiple early gastric cancer (SMEGC)and single early gastric cancer (EGC).Methods From January 2008 to December 2016,the clinical data of 994 patients with EGC who underwent open or laparoscopic gastrectomy surgery were collected from the electronic medical data base of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Xuzhou No.1 People's Hospital.The data of patients including gender,age,tumor morphologys,tumor location,tumor size,histological type,depth of invasion,lymph nodes metastasis,lymphovascular metastasis,peripheral nerve invasion,and blood types were analyzed.T test and Chi square test were used for statistical analysis.Results Among 994 EGC patients,27 cases (2.7％) were SMEGC,and 967 cases (97.3％) were single EGC.The percentage of male and female of single EGC were 71.4％ (690/967) and 28.6％ (277/967),respectively;the percentage of male and female of SMEGC were 88.9％ (24/27) and 11.1％ (3/27),respectively,and there was statistically significant difference in the gender composition ratio between single EGC and SMEGC (x2 =3.975,P=0.046).The incidence of ulcer in single EGC and SMEGC were 50.6％ (489/ 967) and 29.6 ％ (8/27),respectively,and the difference in the incidence of ulcers between single EGC and SMEGC was statistically significant (x2 =4.653,P=0.031).There were no statistically significant differences between single EGC and SMEGC in gross morphology,depth of invasion,lymph nodes metastasis,lymphovascular metastasis,peripheral nerve invasion,tumor location,pathological type and blood types (all P＞0.05).In the SMEGC patients,the incidence of main lesions invading the mucosa was 48.1％ (13/27) and submucosa invasion was 51.9％ (14/27);and for minor lesions,the corresponding incidences were 77.8％ (21/27) and 22.2％ (6/27),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.063,P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences between the main lesions and minor lesions in tumor size,pathological type,with or without ulcers,gross morphology and tumor location (all P＞0.05).Conclusions The main risk factors of SMEGC are male and no ulcerative lesions.The clinicopathological features are similar between main lesions and minor lesions in SMEGC.

Objective:To explore the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in the cancer registration areas of Heilongjiang province from 2013 to 2017 and their trends of change over time.Methods:The esophageal cancer incidence, mortality and population data reported by 12 cancer registration areas of Heilongjiang province were collected. Among them, the data of 11 areas met the check standards, including 7 cities above the prefecture level (abbreviated as urban area), 4 counties and county-level cities (abbreviated as rural area). The crude incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in 11 cancer registration areas of Heilongjiang province from 2013 to 2017, and their standardized rates by Chinese population (adjusted according to the standard population composition of the 2000 census of China) and world population (adjusted using Segi world standard population composition), and the cumulative incidence or mortality rate from 0 to 74 years old (abbreviated as cumulative incidence or mortality rate) were calculated. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) of the incidence and mortality rates, and the trend analysis was performed.Results:From 2013 to 2017, the crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer in the cancer registration areas of Heilongjiang province was 6.40/100 000, the standardized incidence rate by Chinese population was 3.63/100 000, and the cumulative incidence rate was 0.44%. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer in males (11.61/100 000) was higher than that in females (1.27/100 000). The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer in rural area (6.27/100 000) was lower than that in urban area (6.71/100 000). From 2013 to 2017, the crude mortality rate of esophageal cancer in the cancer registration areas of Heilongjiang province was 5.32/100 000, the standardized mortality rate by Chinese population was 3.01/100 000, and the cumulative mortality rate was 0.35%. The crude mortality rate of esophageal cancer in males (9.56/100 000) was higher than that in females (1.15/100 000). The crude mortality rate of esophageal cancer in rural area (5.13/100 000) was lower than that in urban area (5.39/100 000). Joinpoint regression analysis showed that from 2013 to 2017, the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in the entire population and males had an increasing trend, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05), and the standardized incidence rate by Chinese population in females had a downward trend, and the difference was statistically significant (APC = -7.92, 95% CI -11.52- -4.21, P < 0.01). Conclusions:The incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in Heilongjiang province have been increasing in recent years, and the burden of disease is still heavy. In the male population, the primary prevention, early detection and early treatment of esophageal cancer should be paid more attention.

Objective To analyze the incidence, mortality and time trend of lung cancer in Heilongjiang Cancer Registries from 2013 to 2017. Methods We calculated the incidence (mortality) rate and age-standardized incidence (mortality) rate of lung cancer in Heilongjiang Cancer Registries from 2013 to 2017. Chinese population census in 2000 and World Segi's standard population were used for age-standardization. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using Joinpoint software. Results The incidence of lung cancer in Heilongjiang Cancer Registries from 2013 to 2017 was 63.44/10⁵ and ASR China was 36.14/10⁵. The incidence of lung cancer in males (78.08/10⁵) was higher than that in females (49.04/10⁵). The incidence of lung cancer in rural areas (65.54/10⁵) was higher than that in urban areas (58.20/10⁵). From 2013 to 2017, the mortality rate of lung cancer in Heilongjiang Cancer Registries was 57.02/10⁵, and ASR China was 32.53/10⁵. The mortality rate of lung cancer in males (69.92/10⁵) was higher than that in females (44.40/10⁵). The mortality rate of lung cancer in rural areas (60.68/10⁵) was higher than that in urban areas (48.02/10⁵). The incidence of lung cancer in the 55-year-old age group showed a downward trend (APC=-5.0%, t=-5.1, P < 0.05), and the mortality rate of lung cancer in the 70-year-old group showed a downward trend (APC=-4.9%, t=-5.0). Conclusion Heilongjiang Province is a high incidence area of lung cancer. The prevention and control of lung cancer should be further strengthened according to the epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer in this province.