Fibroblast grow factors are important regulators of the embryonic and adult central nervous system during developmental processes and adult physiology.FGF control cell migration and establishment of the anterior-posterior body axis of the neural plate during gastrulation.At later shaping stage of the brain,FGF function in those organs and tissues control the morphogenesis and differentiation.During adult and injured in the adult brain,FGF contain the active hyperplasia of the adult stem cells and promote regeneration and repair in the central nervous system.This article mainly reviews the function of FGF family members in the central nervous system.

BACKGROUND: To summarize the progress of tissue engineering in repairing spinal cord injury in recent years.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and CNKI database (www.cnki.net/index.htm) was performed for articles published between September 1999 and September 2009 with the key words of "spinal cord injury, tissue engineering" in English and Chinese, respectively. Articles published recently or in authoritative journals in the same field were selected.DATA SELECTION: Inclusion criteria: clinical or experimental study about tissue engineering in repairing spinal cord injury.Repetitive studies were excluded. A total of 29 articles were included.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Seed cell selection of tissue engineering; requirements of scaffold materials of tissue-engineered spinal cord, neurotrophic factor for regeneration, special internal environment construction for regeneration.RESULTS: Seed cells of tissue-engineered spinal cord include Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells and bone marrow stromal stem cells. Scaffold materials involve synthetic or modified natural materials, such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and lactic acid/glycolic acid copolymer, which benefit cell attachment and nutrition factor aggregation following surface modification. Antibodies that promote or inhibit nerve growth factor in combination with polyoxyl are coupled to function as tissue-engineered scaffold, which may be approaches to repair spinal cord injury by tissue engineering in combination with stem cell transplantation and electric field/magnetic field stimulation.CONCLUSION: The optimal elements for tissue engineering are the key role in repairing spinal cord injury by tissue engineering.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside(TSG) on the PC12 cells injury induced by H2O2.MethodsAll cells were divided into 5 groups: the saline control group(control group), Oxidative damage PC12 cells model group(H2O2 group) which was induced by H2O2, and TSG treated group, which oxidative damage PC12 cells model which was induced by H2O2 after given TSG 2 h at TSG 120 μg/L(TSG 120 μg/L+H2O2 group), 60 μg/L(TSG 60 μg/L+H2O2 group) and 30 μg/L(TSG 30 μg/L+H2O2 group) once. The survival rate of the cells was determined by MTT method, the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by ultraviolet spectrophometry and the content of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured respectively by thiobarbituric aicd and xanthine oxidese method. Immunohistochemitry method were used to detect the expression of bcl-2.ResultsTSG reduced obviously cells injury induced by H2O2. 30～120 μg/L TSG improved the cells survival rate, reduced LDH releasing and MDA content, increased SOD activity, and decreased the expression of bcl-2 in the PC12 cells injury induced by H2O2(P<0-05, P<0-01). ConclusionTSG has significantly potective effect on the PC12 cells injury induced by H2O2.

Objective:To review effects of functional electrical stimulation(FES) on paralyzed or paretic muscles,and introduce the progress of functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury.Methods:A computer-based search was conducted in CNK/and MEDILINE for articles related to functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury from November 1990 to November 2009 with the Keywords of spinal cord injury and electrical stimulation.Data were check firstly.Articles related to functional electrical stimulation repairing spinal cord injury were selected and looked for full-texts.The articles were analyzed and summarized.Results:Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can activate paralyzed or paretic muscles to generate functional or therapeutic movements with constant frequency.FES can improve the impaired motor function of muscles stimulated.Functional electrical stimulation technique could repair part of motor function following spinal cord injury.Conclusions:Functional electrical stimulation is a new and promising technique in modem rehabilitation engineering.Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can activate paralyzed or paretic muscles to generate functional or therapeutic movements.FES can improve the impaired motor function of muscles stimulated.

Objective To investigate the independent risk factors affecting prognosis of patients with retinoblastoma (RB) and construct a nomogram to predict prognosis of patients with RB. Methods Data of 759 RB patients were collected from the SEER database. Patients were randomly assigned to the training group and validation group in a 7:3 ratio. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to determine the independent prognostic factors, based on which a nomogram was constructed. C index, calibration curve, and ROC curve were used to evaluate the predictive efficiency and calibration degree of the nomogram. Results Multivariate analysis identified independent risk factors associated with overall survival, namely, T stage and SEER stage. The C-index of SEER training set was 0.765 (95%CI: 0.744-0.786), the calibration curve was drawn, and the observed and predicted values overlapped well, indicating good consistency. The ROC curve showed that the nomogram could accurately predict three-year (AUC=0.743), five-year (AUC=0.734) and 10-year (AUC=0.720) survival rates of RB patients. Conclusion T stage and SEER stage are independent risk factors related to prognosis of RB patients, and the nomogram can accurately predict the three-year, five-year, and 10-year overall survival rates of patients.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on changes of myelin basic protein (MBP) and functional repair of sensory and motor nerve following sciatic nerve injury.

METHODSThe sciatic nerves of rats were injured by sectioning with shaver,and divided into 3 groups: NGF group (Group A), group of normal saline solution (Group B), untreated group (Group C). The time point of observation was at the 4th week after operation. Sensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were detected by Model WD-4000 nerve potential working diagnosis system. Immunohistochemical analysis was used for identification of MBP.

RESULTSThe latency of SEP in the Group A at the 4th week after operation was shorter than that in the Group B (P<0.05). The MEP was elicited in 76% of the Group A and was higher than that in the Group B. Results of immunohistochemistry showed that there were less MBP-positive cells in the Group A than in the Group B in one and four weeks respectively.

CONCLUSIONSNGF can improve the conductive function of injured peripheral nerve and facilitate regeneration of nerve.

Animals ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myelin Basic Protein ; metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Peripheral Nerves ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sciatic Nerve ; injuries ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the apoptosis rules of the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes induced by Ca(2+) reperfusion.

METHODSThe apoptosis of purified cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes induced by Ca(2+) reperfusion and the relationship between the development of the cell apoptosis and post-reperfusion time was observed.

RESULTSBoth the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were obviously in a time-dependent fashion, and the apoptosis ratios of the oligodendrocytes (39.73%+/-4.16%) were higher than the astrocytes (19.64%+/-4.67%) 24 hours after Ca(2+) reperfusion. The TUNEL positive cells were 13.6+/-1.82 and 21.4+/-1.95 at every visual field of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively 24 hours after Ca(2+) reperfusion.

CONCLUSIONSThe astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are similar wi th the development rules on apoptosis and have different susceptiveness to the situation.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; physiology ; Astrocytes ; cytology ; pathology ; physiology ; Calcium ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Flow Cytometry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Oligodendroglia ; cytology ; pathology ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar