Objective To understand the management status of rural sanitary latrine in schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China.Methods Two counties in a province were sampled randomly from total 7 provinces with schistosomiasis prevalence,including Hu'nan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,Jiangsu,Yunnan and Sichuan,then three villages with schistosomiasis prevalence were selected from each target county as research sites,thirty sanitary latrines in a village were randomly selected for the investigation.Results 58.1% of the 840 sanitary latrines were in better esthetic environment while 37.7% of which were in moderate status and 4.2% were in bed condition.The sanitary latrine without maggot,pupa and fly accounted for 81.5% ;97.0% of the excrement samples at discharge holes were uniform.99.6% of sanitary latrines with trilogy biomass pool exceed more than 30 days for fermentation tank sealed and stored and 62.7%(173/276)of the sanitary latrines cleaned out excrement within half or one year.Among 333 sanitary latrines with three-grid septic,95.2%(317/333)cleaned out excrement within half or one year.The qualified rate of value of night and sedimentation rate of roundworm ovum were 95.5%(745/780)and 61.2%(229/374).90.9%(761/837) of the total 837 households with sanitary latrine used liquid manure as fertilizer,while 4.6% of which discharge liquid manure into neighboring soil and water body;87.9%(736/837)of the households without sanitary latrine used night soil sludge as fertilizer directly,and only 6.9%(58/837)of the households conducted high temperature compost process.Conclusion In the investigated areas,the management of rural sanitary latrine basically meets the requirements of rural sanitation criterion,however,the potential risk for people health still exists in the excrement management.

Objectives To understand the demand,payment capability and influencing factors of sanitary latrine construction in schistosomiasis epidemic areas in China. Methods In Hu’nan,Hubei,Anhui,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Sichuan and Jiangsu,2 counties in each province were selected and 3 villages with schistosomiasis prevalence in each county were randomly sampled. Thirty households were randomly sampled from each village for questionnaire survey. Results The major reasons for constructing sanitary latrine were cleanliness,sanitation and convenience in the rural areas;more than 98% of the households were willing to pay part of the construction,among them,the majority of the families hoped the payment kept within 100-500 yuan (RMB);the problem for the non-sanitary latrine users to construct sanitary ones by themselves was lack of money,technique and skilled labors etc;the residents with the knowledge of rural water supply and latrine improvement,eliminating,keeping livestock enclosure were willing to pay for the construction of sanitary latrine. Conclusion The families using non-sanitary latrine have strong will for constructing the sanitary ones,and they also have payment will and capability to some extents. Most families can afford to the latrine construction within 500 yuan (RMB);to strengthen health education and communication can promote the demand and payment will for construction of sanitary latrine among the people using non-sanitary latrine in schistosomiasis epidemic areas.

Objective To assess the construction quality of sanitary latrines in schistosomiasis endemic areas of China. Methods Two counties per province were sampled randomly from total 7 provinces with schistosomiasis endemic including Hunan, Hu-bei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Sichuan, then 2 villages with schistosomiasis endemic were selected from each target county as research sites, and 30 households per village were randomly selected as respondents. Results Among the sanitary latrines being constructed and on-going used in schistosomiasis endemic areas, 64.8% of them were built indoor or inside of yards, and 52.6% of the above household latrines were constructed keeping away from water sources beyond 10 meters. In addition, the latrines with curb height of feces outlet over 100 mm accounted for 75.0% , and 96.1% of the total sanitary latrines were equipped with urinals made of pottery, plastic and cement. There were 98.2% of the latrines with an area more than 1.2 m~2, and 95.8% with structure of the whole room. Among those sanitary latrines with three-case-cesspools, merely 23.1% reached or closed to the design and implementation requirements of Technical criterion of sanitary construction in schistosomiasis endemic areas (protocol) on the part of underground. Conclusions The sanitary latrine with three-case-cesspools and three-unit methane pool is the main type of the household latrine recommended in countryside in schistosomiasis endemic areas. The construction of sanitary latrines meet the requirements of relevant standards in general, however, the design and implementation of underground parts of the latrines with three-case-cesspools need to be improved.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and prognosis of transcatheter arterial chemoembo-lization(TACE)combined with radiofrequency ablation(RFA)in treatment of liver cancer.Methods 64 patients of liver cancer were selected as the research subjects,and they were divided into two groups by randomized single blind method.32 cases in the control group adopted the TACE treatment,while 32 cases in the observation group were given TACE combined with RFA.The tumor shrinkage,complete necrosis rate,local recurrence rate,AFP levels and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared.The patients were followed up for 3 years to record survival.Results After treatment,the tumor shrinkage rate and complete necrosis rate of the observation group were 90.63% and 75.00%, which were significantly higher than 68.75% and 50.00% of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =8.453,8.203,all P <0.05).The local recurrence rate of the observation group was 21.88%,which was significantly lower than 43.75% of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =7.887,P <0.05).After treatment,the AFP level of the observation group was (70.11 ±6.45 )ng/L,which was significantly lower than (157.76 ±10.42)ng/L in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (t =7.433,P <0.05).The survival rates of 1 year,2 years and 3 years in the observation group were 84.38%,71.88%,56.25%, which were significantly higher than 65.63%,53.13%,31.25% in the control group (χ2 =8.677,8.203,8.985,all P <0.05).The incidence rate of postoperative adverse reaction had no significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =1.337,P >0.05 ).Conclusion TACE combined with RFA in treatment of liver cancer can significantly improve the effect of tumor necrosis rate,reduce the local recurrence rate and prolong the survival time of the patients, and it had less adverse reaction,higher safety,and which should be applied in clinical.

Objective To evaluate the effect of hypothermia on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). Methods Thirteen ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 23-51 yr weighing 45-82 kg scheduled for cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. Bilateral median nerve SSEPs (N9, N13, N20) were recorded after induction.The MAP, peak latency and amplitude of N9, N13 and N20 were recorded when the target temperature (36, 35,34, 33 ℃ ) was reached during the cooling and rewarming periods. The neurological dysfunction was recorded after operation. Results The peak latency was prolonged and MAP was decreased with the decrease in the body temperature during the cooling period, the peak latency was shortened with the increase in the body temperature during the rewarming period ( P ＜ 0.05), but no significant change in the amplitudes was found ( P ＞ 0.05). The regression equation of the interaction between the peak latency and body temperature was YN9= -0.558X + 28.994(r=-0.673), YN13 =-1.121X+53.242 (r= -0.702) , YN20 = -1.458X+72.036(r= -0.702) during the cooling period (P ＜ 0.05), and YN9 = - 0.505X + 27.313 ( r = - 0.634), YN13 = - 0.905X + 46.249(r= -0.619), YN20 = - 1.142X + 61.668 (r= -0.600) during the rewarming period (P ＜0.05). No neurological dysfunction was found in all the patients. Conclusion Hypothermia can prolong the peak latency of SSEP and does not alter the SSEP amplitude.

Objective To summarize the characteristics of prenatal and postnatal ultrasonic image in hemivertebra fetal malformation. Methods The present study enrolled 12 ultrasound diagnosed hemivertebra fetal malformation and confirmed by either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-ray in Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Children's Hospital from January 2012 to May 2013. All the ultrasonic image were collected to summarize their characteristics. Results In the twelve cases of prenatal ultrasonic image of hemivertebrae: (1) Vertebral anomaly patterns: the irregular-shape of bones are smaller than normal vertebral bony hyperechoic which inserted into the normal intervertebral in wedge-shape, scoliosis or angular deformity. (2) Diseased parts:in the 12 fetuses, 5 had single vertebral deformity while the other 7 had multiple vertebral deformities. For the location of the lesion, there were 6 dysmorphia appeared in thoracic, 3 appearedin lumbar, 1 appeared in sacrococcygeal, 1 appeared in both cervical and thoracic, and 1 appeared in both thoracic and lumbar. (3) Associated with other malformations: 4 term delivery fetuses confirmed diagnosis of hemivertebra malformation by MRI (the diagnosis of hemivertebra was confirmed by both the fetal MRI and postnatal X-ray in 2 of them within 3 days);8 fetuses had additional anomalies, including heart malformations. Three of them were induced abortion, the X-ray images of the fetal sample showed hemivertebradysmorphia. Five women chosed induced laborin local hospital, and the X-ray images of the fetal were diagnosed as hemivertebradysmorphia. One of them with rib deletion in thoracic was missed diagnosed. Conclusions Three-dimensional ultrasonicimages can clearly show the degree of scoliosis, locate vertebra. It provides important imaging evidence for the treatment of fetal dysmorphiaafter labor.

Objective To discuss the effects of sevoflurane on perioperative hemodynamics and serum cardiac troponin I(cTnI) in patients undergoing abdominal surgery,and offer the reference for selecting anesthetic in clinic.Methods Forty patients with ASA Ⅱ—Ⅲ,undergoing radical gastrectomy were randomly allocated into sevoflurane group(group S) and propofol group(group P),with each 20 patients.Systemic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),heart reat(HR) and saturation of oxygen(SPO2) were monitored as routine.The concerntration of cTnI was examined at pre-anesthesia(T1),post-induction(T2),beginning of operation(T3),end of operation(T4),the first day post-operation(T5) and the third day post-operation(T6) with radioimmunoassay.Results SBP,DBP and HR in group P at post-induction were significantly lower than those in group S(P

Objective To determine the median effective target plasma concentration (EC50) of propofol inhibiting the response to laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion when combined with dexmedetomidine.Methods ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index 20-25 kg/m2,scheduled for surgeries under general anesthesia,were studied.EC50 of propofol was determined by modified Dixon' s up-and-down sequential experiment.After dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg was infused over 10 min,propofol was infused by targetcontrolled infusion.The initial target plasma concentration of propofol was set at 3.0 μg/ml.LMA was inserted when the target effect-site concentration of propofol and target plasma concentration of propofol reached the balance and BIS value was 50-60.Each time the target concentration increased/decreased by 0.2 μg/ml according to the occurrence of the response to LMA insertion.The response to LMA insertion was defined as the occurrence of coughing,body movement,laryngospasm or systemic voluntary movement.EC50 and 95 ％ confidence interval (CI)of propofol for inhibition of the response to LMA insertion were calculated.Results The EC50 of propofol required for inhibition of the response to LMA insertion was 2.351 (95％ Cl 1.737-2.600) μg/ml when combined with dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg.Conclusion The EC50 of propofol inhibiting the response to LMA insertion is 2.351 μg/ml when combined with dexmedetomidine.

Objective To study a histopathological classification system for hippocampal cell loss in patients suffering from mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.Methods Fifty-one surgically resected specimens were microscopically examined with respect to neuronal cell loss in hippocampal subfields CA1—CA4.Clinical data including age at first seizure,with or without initial precipitating injuries (IPIs),latecy,epilepsy duration,Engel score of half and one year after surgery were collected to analyse the clinical characteristics between different pathological types.Eight additional hippocampal specimens obtained from neurologically healthy autopsies served as controls.Results (1)Five distinct patterns were recognized within a consecutive cohort of anatomically well-preserved surgical specimens.Type 1 a (21/51,41.18 ％):severe cell loss in CA1 and moderate neuronal loss in all other subfields excluding CA2; Type 1b(18/51,35.2％):severe cell loss in all sectors; Type 2(9/51,17.65％):severe neuronal loss restricted to sector CA1 ;Type 3 (1/51,1.96％):severe neuronal loss restricted to the hilar region; no mesial temporal sclerosis (2/51,3.92％):a group comprised hippocampi with neuronal cell densities not significantly different from age matched autopsy controls.(2)The patients of type 1 a and 1 b had younger age of first onset,longer latency and duration,more frequency of IPIs,the proportion of ourrence of febrile seizures in type 1a was 10/19,type 1b was 7/16,type 2 was 4/7,type 3 was 0 (x2 =11.790,P =0.019).(3) The patients of type 1a and 1 b had better postsurgical outcome.Conclusion Type 1 is the most common type of mesial temporal sclerosis,which have better postsurgical outcome than the other 3 types.

Objective To measure vitamin D levels in newborn cord blood inorder to ascertain appropriate supplementation regimes.Methods A total of 6420 newborn umbilical cordblood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25-( OH ) D ] concentrations were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlation between 25-( OH ) D and gestational or birth weight or season was retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 5358(83.5℅)of the 6420,had umbilical cord blood concentrations of 25-(OH)D <50. 0 nmol/L. The 25-(OH)D levels M(Q1,Q3)increased from very preterm births, moderately preterm, later preterm, full-term infants to post-term infants [ 29. 0 ( 22. 5, 38.9),33.4(26.3,41.6),35.1(26.9,43.3),35.7(28.1,45.0),43.3(33.5,52.8)nmol/L, P <0. 001]. The 25-(OH) D levels M(Q1,Q3) increased from very low birth weight infants, low birth weight, normal birth weight infants to macrosomia [29. 0(22. 4,38. 8),34. 6(27. 5,44. 2),35. 1(28. 1, 44. 7),35. 7(28. 0,47. 5), P<0. 001]. The 25- (OH)D levels were positively correlated respectively in gestational ages and body weights ( r =0. 619 , 0. 180 , P <0. 05 ) . Newborn umbilical cord blood concentration of 25- ( OH ) D levels varied with season ( P all <0. 001 ) , the lowest in spring [ 30. 4 (24.1,38.3)]and highest in autumn[39.3(31.6,50.9)].Conclusions Premature and low birth weight infants are especially at high risk of vitamin D deficiency and should receive appropriate vitamin D supplementation. In addition, there should be an ongoing promotion of vitamin D supplements to pregnant women and the awareness of sun exposure to achieve vitamin D sufficiency.