Objective To explore mechanisms of sustained and transient effects in encoding processes of emotional memory by examining activation of amygdala via functional MRI and to provide evidence for understanding the underlying neural mechanism related to emotional memory disorders further. Methods Twenty two subjects (aged from 20 to 24 years old) participated in the study and mixed blocked/event-related design was adopted. Sixty negatively emotional pictures and sixty neutral scene pictures were used. Functional MRI scanning was performed while subjects were doing encoding tasks. Behavioral data were acquired during retrieval. Correlation analyses of functional MRI data and simples paired t -test of behavioral performance were performed with SPM2 and SPSS13.0 statistical software,respectively. Results Significant differences of behavioral performance ( t= 2.791,P= 0.01 ) was found between emotional (3.15 ± 0.14) and neutral (2.25 ± 0.08 ) pictures. A whole-brain voxelwise correlation analysis between functional MRI and emotional enhancement effect indicated that the transient effect of emotional enhancement of memory involved the left amygdala, left hippocampus and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, while the sustained effect involved the right amygdala, right hippocampus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Region of interest analysis demonstrated that the sustained effect was related to the right amygdala (r= 0.50, P = 0.019 ), which was different from transient effect ( Z = 1.655, P = 0.049 ),while the transient effect was correlated with the left amygdala (r=0.65, P=0.001 ) ,which was different from sustained effect( Z= 2.512, P=0.006). Conclusion Different neural mechanisms are involved in sustained and transient effects of emotional memory encoding. The right amygdala is responsible for sustained effect and the left amygdala is responsible for transient effect ,respectively. The results confirm and extend the model of the left-transient/right-sustained effect.

Objective The brain volume and behavioral performance of emotional memory were measured by combining voxel-hased morphometry (VBM) and behavior to explore the morphological characters of brain regions related to the emotional enhancement effect of memory.Methods A total of 32 healthy young subjects participated in the study.The experimental processes included MR scan and behavioral performance of emotional memory the latter of which involved two phases-encoding and retrieval.Behavioral performance was recorded and the whole-brain 3D MRI data were acquired via 3.0T MR.3D MRI data were segmented by VBM5,and the wholebrain volumes of gray matter,white matter and CSF were produced.SPM5 and SPSS13.0 were used for statistical analysis of the 3D MRI data and behavioral data,respectively.Results Retrieval accuracy of the emotional pictures was higher than that of the neutral pictures ( t =5.08,P＜0.001 ),the emotional enhancement effect was significant ( Δ Pr =0.12 ± 0.01 ).Brain regions related to emotional enhancement effect included bilateral amygdala,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,middle frontal gyrus,dorsomedial prefrontal cortex,fusiform gyms,right parahippocampus,left orbitofrontal cortex and middle cingulate gyms.Volume ratio of bilateral amygdala were related to emotion enhancement effect evidently (left:r=0.564,P＜0.01 ; right:r=0.541,P＜0.01 ).Conclusion This study morphologically confirms that brain regions,such as amygdale and prefrontal cortex,are critical structures for the enhancement of emotional memory,and further extends the findings of previous functional imaging studies.

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) for determining fracture probabilities in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods Retrospective analysis was carried out on 153 type 2 diabetic patients aged over 50 years undergoing dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements.Fracture risk factors including age,gender,height,weight,body mass index,history of previous fragility fractures,parental history of hip fracture,history of smoking,excessive drinking,long-term use of steroid hormone,history of rheumatoid arthritis,the history of secondary osteoporosis diseases,and femoral neck T-score of bone mineral density (BMD) were recorded.FRAX scores with BMD (FRAX/BMD) and without BMD (FRAX/-) were calculated.Therapeutic interventions were recommended if the 10-year risk of fractures was more than 3％ for hip osteoporotic fractures and more than 20％ for other major fractures.Subjects were separated into the identical treatment recommendation group and the different treatment recommendation.Fracture risk factors were compared between groups.Results 133 (6.9 ％) patients had identical fracture risk predictions in the FRAX calculation,regardless of whether BMD join in or not.Age,gender and femoral neck T scores had significant differences between the two groups (all P＜0.001),while other risk factors had no statistical differences between the two groups (all P＞0.05).Conclusions In most middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes,the FRAX/-provides the same prediction as FRAX/BMD value for predicting fracture risk,which shows that fracture risks can be predicted without bone density examination.The FRAX/-has higher predictive values on fracture for people who are younger,male,and has higher BMD.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of Zhuanyaotang Granules for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis(DLSS).Methods Using a randomized double blind controlled design,104 DLSS patients were divided into an experimental group and a control group using a random number table method,with 52 patients in each group.The treatment group took oral Zhuanyaotang Granules,methylcobalamin tablets and celecoxib capsule simulants.The control group used Zhuanyaotang Granules simulants,methylcobalamin tablets and celecoxib capsules.The course of treatment was 3 weeks for both groups.The follow-ups were conducted at 1 month and 3 months after treatment.The intermittent claudication distance,visual analogue scale(VAS)score and JOA efficacy rating criteria for low back pain score were observed in both groups before treatment,1,2,3 weeks of treatment and 1 month after treatment and 3 months after treatment.Adverse reactions during treatment were recorded.Results There were 5 cases of detachment and 2 cases of exclusion in the experimental group,and 5 cases of detachment and 1 case of exclusion in the control group.Compared with before treatment,there were statistically significant differences in intermittent claudication distance,VAS score,and JOA score between the two groups of patients at various time points during treatment and follow-up(P<0.05);there was no statistically significant difference in intermittent claudication distance,VAS score,and JOA score between the experimental group and the control group before treatment and 1 and 2 weeks of treatment(P>0.05);compared with the two groups at 3 weeks of treatment and 1 and 3 months after treatment,the intermittent claudication distance and JOA score in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05);There was no significant difference in VAS score between the two groups and the control group after 3 weeks of treatment(P>0.05).There were 2 adverse reactions(4.4%)in the experimental group and 5 adverse reactions(10.8%)in the control group,without statistical significance(P>0.05).Conclusion Zhuanyaotang Granules can effectively relieve pain and improve lumbar function in patients with DLSS,which is more effective and safer than oral celecoxib capsules and methylcobalamin tablets.