The concept of humanistic education is based on the concern of human beings and their abilities of development. Thus,it is an educational concept to optimize the teaching modules.It stresses the point that education must regard the develop- ment of human beings as the main line and human beings should be emphasized in education from the very beginning to the end. Case-Teaching Method which takes the students as the main part fully manifests the concept of humanistic education,in which all teaching activities and the processes closely revolve the students in order to train them to carry on their studies and to solve the problems independently.

In the present study, the specifically knockdown models of P-gp or MRP2 were constructed by using a series of chemically synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro. The expression of P-gp and MRP2 was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, and the function was evaluated by applying P-gp and MRP2 substrate, rhodamine and methotrexate. The results showed that MRP2 siRNA-3 or P-gp siRNA-2 significantly decreased the mRNA expression of MRP2 or P-gp, the inhibition ratio was 68% or 84%; MRP2 siRNA-3 or P-gp siRNA-2 at a dose of 80 nmol x L(-1) significantly reduced the protein expression of MRP2 or P-gp at 48 h after treatment, the inhibition ratio was 62% or 70%. Meanwhile, other transporters were not influenced by siRNA. When pretreatment with MRP2 siRNA-3 or P-gp siRNA-2, the efflux of methotrexate or rhodamine decreased significantly and the intra-cellular concentration increased. The results suggested that chemically synthesized siRNA could significantly inhibit the expression and function of MRP2 and P-gp, and the model of RNAi in vitro could be used to evaluate the role of efflux transporters in transportation of drugs.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; genetics ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

BackgroundIt is important to measure the corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length accurately for calculating IOL power. The interchange outcomes from different measuring methods and apparatus will cause unreliable IOL power. ObjectiveThe present study was to compare the differences of corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth (ACD) measured by IOLMaster and Orbscan Ⅱbefore and after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) and further compare the axial length measured by IOLMaster and A-ultrasound. Methods One hundred and thirty eyes from 65 consecutive myopic patients before LASIK and 56 eyes of 28 cases with 1-month follow-up duration after LASIK in Henan Eye Institute were enrolled in this study. The K value, ACD between IOLMaster and Orbscan Ⅱ as well as results of axial length between IOLMaster and A-ultrasound were compared by using paired t test. The agreements of the measured values among IOLMaster, Orbscan Ⅱ and A-ultrasound were evaluated using Bland-Altman plot. ResultsBefore LASIK,the K value measured by IOLMaster,Orbscan Ⅱ were ( 43.32 ± 1.52 ) D and ( 42.99 ± 1.45 ) D respectively with the difference value of( 0. 33 ±0. 03 ) D, showing a significant difference(t=10. 380,P=0.000) and a positive relation between them(r=0.971,P=0.000). After LASIK,the K value measured by IOLMaster, Orbscan Ⅱwere(39. 02±2. 14) D and ( 38.91 ±2. 04) D with the difference value (0. 12±0. 33 ) D, presenting a significant differences between them (t =2.715, P =0.009). Bland-Altman plots indicated the disagreement in K value and uninterchangeable. Before LASIK, the ACD measured by IOLMaster,Orbscan Ⅱ and A-ultrasound were ( 3.72 ± 0. 22 ) mm, ( 3.69 ±0. 22 ) mm and ( 3.75± 0.27 )mm respectively and no significant differences were found between them (P ＞ 0. 05 ). Axial length measured by IOLMaster significantly prolonged in comparison with A-ultrasound(25.59± 1. 01 mm vs 25.22±0.99 mm ) , and the difference was( -0. 37 ±0. 30 ) mm, showing significant difference ( t =- 14. 098, P =0. 000 ) and positive correlation ( r =0. 954, P =0. 000 ). Axial length values measured by IOLMaster were ( 25.54 ± 1.05 ) mm in preoperation and ( 25.48 ± 1.01 ) mm in postoperation with the difference (0.052±0. 412)mm, showing statistically insignificant difference between them (t=0. 946,P=0. 348). ConclusionsKeratometries measured by IOLMaster,Orbscan Ⅱ are much more different. Therefore,these two methods are not recommended to use interchangely. ACD measured by IOLMaster,Orbscan Ⅱ and A ultrasound are proved to obtain the similar results and is clinically interchange. Axial length measured by IOLMaster is longer than that measured by A-ultrasound.

AIM To optimize the subcritical aqueous extraction for polysaccharides from the leaves of Punica granatum L.and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity.METHODS With reaction pressure,solid-liquid ratio,extraction time and extraction temperature as influencing factors,yield of polysaccharides as an evalution index,the extraction was optimized by Box-Behnken method on the basis of single factor test.Then the scavenging effects of polysaccharides on hydroxyl free radical,superoxide anion and DPPH free radical were detected.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be 5 MPa for reaction pressure,1 ∶ 27 for solid-liquid ratio,11 min for extraction time,and 155 ℃ for extraction temperature,the yield of polysaccharides was 1.809％.There was a dose-effect relationship between scavenging rate and polysaccharides' concentration.0.1 mg/mL Polysaccharides displayed the strongest scavenging effects on hydroxyl free radical,superoxide anion and DPPH free radical with the clearance rates of 57.36％,70.51％ and 58.02％,respectively.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method can be used for the subcritical aqueous extraction for polysaccharides from P.granatum leaves with obvious in vitro antioxidant activity.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid ; administration & dosage ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Female ; Fentanyl ; administration & dosage ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy ; Respiration ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo estimate the benchmark dose for osteoporosis caused by cadmium exposure in a Chinese general population with an epidemiological study.

METHODSThe inhabitants living in both cadmium polluted and non-polluted areas served as the exposure group and the control group. Urinary cadmium (UCd) and Blood cadmium (BCd) were used as exposure biomarkers while the Z score was used as effect biomarker for the osteoporosis.

RESULTSThe UCd and BCd in the habitants of the polluted areas were significantly higher than those in the habitants of the control area on average (P < 0.05) and the UCd and BCd in the habitants of the highly polluted areas were significantly higher than those in the habitants of the moderately polluted area on average (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density was significantly decreased in the groups of the highest UCd and BCd level compared with the 5 microg/g Cr group with the significant difference (P < 0.05). The morbidity of the osteoporosis would increase significantly with the increase of the cadmium exposure (P < 0.05) with the linear correlation (P < 0.05). BMDs were calculated using BMDS Version l.3.2 software and BMDLs were also determined. The BMDL of UCd for cadmium-induced osteoporosis was higher than those representing cadmium-induced renal dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONHigh level of cadmium exposure can induce osteoporosis, which occurs later than renal damage related to cadmium exposure. The BMD is a practical method.

Aged ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; Cadmium ; adverse effects ; metabolism ; China ; epidemiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis ; chemically induced ; epidemiology

Cellular excitability is an important physiological factor in maintaining normal cardiac activity. The present study was designed to investigate the ionic mechanism underlying different excitability in atrial and ventricular myocytes of guinea pig heart using a whole-cell patch configuration. We found that excitability is lower in ventricular myocytes than that in atrial myocytes. Although the density of voltage-gated fast Na(+) current (INa) was lower in ventricular myocytes, it would not correlate to the lower excitability since its availability was greater than that in atrial myocytes around threshold potential. Classical inward rectifier K(+) current (IK1) was greater in ventricular myocytes than that in atrial myocytes, which might contribute in part to the lower excitability. In addition, the transient outward K(+) current with inward rectification (Itoir) elicited by depolarization was greater in ventricular myocytes than that in atrial myocytes and might contribute to the lower excitability. In ventricular myocytes, Ba(2+) at 5 µmol/L significantly inhibited Itoir, enhanced excitability, and shifted the threshold potential of INa activation to more negative, and the effect was independent of affecting INa. Our results demonstrate the novel information that in addition to classical IK1, Itoir plays a major role in determining the distinctive excitability in guinea pig atrial and ventricular myocytes and maintaining cardiac excitability. More effort is required to investigate whether increase of Itoir would be protective via reducing excitability.
Animals ; Atrial Function ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart Atria ; cytology ; Heart Ventricles ; cytology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; physiology ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; physiology ; Ventricular Function ; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficiency of the BIOMED-2 PCR assay and its implication in the diagnosis of mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

METHODSClinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of 72 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were studied, including 25 reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, 37 diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and 35 extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT lymphoma and in addition, 25 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia were used as the controls). DNA was exacted from the paraffin embedded formalin fixed tissue blocks and the quality of DNA was assessed using the BIOMED-2 specimen control reaction. Adequate samples were then analyzed by BIOMED-2 for immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain rearrangements.

RESULTSAdequate DNA was obtained in 83 of 97 samples, including 60 mature B cell lymphomas and 23 reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. Clonal B-cell gene rearrangements were detected in 57 of 60 (95%) lymphomas. In contrast, clonal Ig gene rearrangements were not detected in any of the 23 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia.

CONCLUSIONBIOMED-2 assay is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of clonal B cell gene rearrangement using routine paraffin embedded formalin fixed specimens.

Antigens, CD20 ; metabolism ; CD79 Antigens ; metabolism ; DNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte ; genetics ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain ; genetics ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain ; genetics ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Paraffin Embedding ; Pseudolymphoma ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between Chinese patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and the polymorphisms of cytotoxic T lymphocyte -associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene promoter (-318) and exon 1 (+49).

METHODSThe CTLA-4 promoter (-318 T/C) and exon 1 (+49A/G) polymorphisms were genotyped via restriction fragment length polymorphism methods in 62 Chinese AIH patients, 77 Chinese PBC patients and 160 healthy controls.

RESULTSThere was no difference in the distribution of CTLA-4 promoter -318 T/C polymorphisms between AIH patients and controls, but the C allele frequency was significantly increased in patients with AIH, compared to controls (P=0.02, OR=2.43). The distribution of CTLA-4 gene exon 1 49 A/G genotypes exhibited significant difference between PBC patients and controls (P=0.006), and the frequency of G allele showed a significant increase in PBC group as compared with controls (P=0.0046, OR=1.8). Although the genotype distribution of the CTLA-4 exon 1-promoter gene displayed no significant difference between AIH and PBC patients and controls, the occurrence of GG-CC was increased in the patients of the two groups (AIH: 32.3%, PBC: 37.7%; control: 22.5%).

CONCLUSIONThe above findings suggest that the polymorphisms of CTLA-4 gene probably confer susceptibility to AIH and PBC in the Chinese population.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antigens, CD ; genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; China ; Exons ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; genetics ; Genotype ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune ; ethnology ; genetics ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; ethnology ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics

ATG5 and BECLIN-1 belong to two kind of crucial autophagy-related proteins included the formation of autoph-agosomes,in addition to the promotion of autophagy,enhances susceptibility towards apoptotic stimuli,therefore,ATG5 and BECLIN-1 are considered to be a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis.Preliminary data revealed that ATG5 media-ted the formation of autophagosomes by ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L ubiquitination system,while BECLIN-1 induces autophagy by phosphatidylino3-kinase (PtdIns3KC3)complex.But now it is believed that truncated ATG5(tATG5-N)and truncated BEC-LIN-1(BECLIN-1-C),an amino-terminal cleavage product of ATG5 and carboxyl-terminal cleavage product of BECLIN-1, could induce apoptosis.The research summarize the progress on ATG5 and BECLIN-1 regulated autophagy and apoptosis,so as to further reveal the molecular mechanism of they regulate autophagy and apoptosis.