AIM: The kinetic turbidimetric Limulus test was used in the endotoxin assay of Ceftazidime injection. METHODS: The validation test was fulfiled, when the amount of endotoxin spiked in Ceftazidime injection sample (Lot. No. 010202) in which concentration of its dilution solution were 10, 5,2,1,0.5 g·L-1. They were recovered in 60.08%, 82.90%, 85.22%, 94.00%, 92.67%; with the amount of endotoxin spiked in Ceftazidime sample (Lot. No. 010103, 010104, 010202), their 1 g·L-1 dilution were recovered in 109.9%, 101.7% and 86.56%. RESULTS: With standard endotoxin working curve is 5.00, 0.500, 0.0500 ZU·L-1. The 1 g·L-1 solution to Ceftazidime was effective to eliminate the interference in Limulus test. CONCLUSION: The kinetic turbidimetric Limulus test provide a new way to the detection of endotoxin in Ceftazidime injection.

Objective To explore the efficacy and adverse reactions of diminishing scheme of cefaclor sustained re-lease tablets in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection(RUTI).Methods 60 RUTI patients in a hospital were divided into treatment group(n=30)and control group (n=30),patients in treatment group were treated with diminishing scheme of cefaclor sustained release tablets,patients in control group were treated with diminishing scheme of levofloxacin tablets,clinical therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions of two groups were observed. Results The curative rate in treatment group was higher than control group ([80.00%,n =24]vs [53.33%,n =16])(χ2 =4.80,P =0.028).The incidence of RUTI in treatment group was lower than control group ([6.67%,n=2]vs [26.67%,n=8])(χ2 =4.32,P =0.038).Incidence of adverse reactions in treatment group was lower than control group (16.67% vs 50.00%)(χ2 =7.50,P =0.006).Conclusion The diminishing scheme of cefaclor sus-tained release tablets in the treatment of RUTI has good curative efficacy,low recurrence rate,fewer adverse reac-tions,and can be used for the treatment of recurrence of RUTI.

Coronary heart disease is one of the most important causes of death in human, and consumes vast medical resources. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been a significant breakthrough for its treatment. However, clinical application has been hampered by in-stent restenosis (ISR). Although drug eluting stent (DES) has reduced the occurrence of restenosis, incidence of ISR is still about 5% to 10%. The main reasons for restenosis after PCI are hyperplasia of vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell migration. The exact mechanism of personalized differences in restenosis is not clear yet, but there may be a variety of risk factors. In addition to aging, smoking and diabetes, an increasing number of studies have found that genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in ISR. In this article, authors have reviewed genetic and epigenetic factors on the progression of ISR, which may help to determine the genetic risk factors in patients with ISR after PCI.
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; methods ; Coronary Restenosis ; etiology ; genetics ; Disease Progression ; Epigenomics ; methods ; Humans ; Stents ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo determine bacterial endotoxin in the replacement solution of on-line hemodiafiltration (on-line HDF) using kinetic turbidimetric limulus test.

METHODS AND RESULTSValidation test was performed with the replacement solution of on-line HDF in which quantified standard endotoxin was added. The recovery rates of endotoxin from the replacement solution and its dilutions at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 were 58.17%, 106.7%, 99.00% and 98.79%, respectively, suggesting that the optimal dilution was at 1/10. Standard endotoxin was added into the replacement solution of on-line HDF of 3 batches (040408, 040511,040527), and the recovery rates in their dilution at 1/10 were 76.32%, 99.00% and 96.24%, respectively. The standard endotoxin in the working curve was 1.00, 0.125, and 0.0156 Eu/ml (endotoxin unit/ml), and the dilution at 1/10 of the replacement solution is effective to eliminate the interference in limulus test.

CONCLUSIONKinetic turbidimetric limulus test provide a means to detect endotoxin in the replacement solution of on-line HDF.

Endotoxins ; analysis ; Hemodiafiltration ; methods ; Hemodialysis Solutions ; analysis ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Limulus Test ; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry ; methods

BACKGROUNDDrug treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic renal failure may be available at the early stage of the disease, but it is not as effective for serious patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total parathyroidectomy combined with forearm autotransplantation in the uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

METHODSFrom September 1999 through September 2006, parathroidectomy and autotransplantation was performed in 20 patients. The coherence between the results of preoperative parathyroid ultrasonography and surgical exploration were compared. The serum calcium concentration and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively.

RESULTSA total of 71 hyperplastic parathyroid glands were resected in the 20 patients. The accordance rate of parathyroid localization between B-ultrasonography and intraoperative exploration was 94.4%. The average iPTH value was (110.90 +/- 67.42) ng/L, (433.80 +/- 243.72) ng/L, (48.80 +/- 42.69) ng/L, (229.04 +/- 172.68) ng/L and (232.39 +/- 224.05) ng/L at day 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 after operation respectively. The clinical symptoms were ameliorated and the levels of serum calcium concentration were controlled within the normal range after operation. Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism had happened in 1 case, 4 years postoperatively because of the development of autograft hyperplasia, and in another case 2 years postoperatively due to remnant of neck parathyroid glands. The clinical symptoms were all alleviated after re-operation. No surgical complication had occurred in any of the patients.

CONCLUSIONSThe total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation is feasible, safe, and effective for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in the short term. The long-term effects should be further investigated.

Adult ; Aged ; Calcium ; blood ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forearm ; Humans ; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary ; blood ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parathyroid Glands ; diagnostic imaging ; transplantation ; Parathyroid Hormone ; blood ; Parathyroidectomy ; methods ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the adsorption and desorption of epirubicin (EADM) by carbon-coated iron nanocrystals (CCIN).

METHODSEADM standard curve was generated. After thorough mixture of CCIN and EADM with sonication, the mixture solution was centrifuged at high speed to obtain dissociated EADM for evaluating the adsorption capacity of CCIN. A dialyzer was used to evaluate the desorption of drug-loaded CCIN particles in different media (PBS, normal saline, or distilled water), at different temperatures, and with different quantities of loaded drug.

RESULTSThe adsorption of EADM by CCIN presented linear adsorption before saturation and saturation adsorption, with an adsorption saturation point of about 160 microg/mg. The desorption of EADM from CCIN particles was affected by such factors as the extraction media, temperature, and quantity of the loaded drug. Compared to distilled water, PBS and normal saline improved the release rate of EADM from the drug-loaded CCIN particles. Higher temperature also contributed to higher release rate of EADM. Higher release rate of EADM occurred after the CCIN particles adsorbed greater amount of EADM.

CONCLUSIONCCIN shows an EADM adsorption pattern of Langmuir isotherm adsorption. Such factors as higher temperature, PBS solution, higher speed of medium replacement, and more drug adsorbed all contribute to a higher release rate of EADM.

Adsorption ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Carbon ; chemistry ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Epirubicin ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Iron ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the acute toxicity of carbon-coated iron nanocrystal (CCIN) in mice and its effects on hepatic, renal and hematological functions.

METHODSAcute toxicity of CCIN was evaluated by observing the toxic reactions in mice within 14 days following intravenous injection of different doses of CCIN particles. The liver and kidney functions and blood chemistry were tested in rats before and at different time points after CCIN injection.

RESULTSThe median lethal dose (LD(50)) of CCIN particles given by intravenous injection was 203.8 mg /kg in mice. Within the intravenous dose of 80 mg /kg injection, CCIN caused only mild alterations of the rats' biochemical and hematological indices that recovered without intervention in two weeks.

CONCLUSIONCCIN is characterized by low acute toxicity and mild side effects on the hepatic, renal and hematological functions within a certain dose range.

Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Carbon ; toxicity ; Iron ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Kidney ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Liver ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nanoparticles ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo assess the cytotoxicity of carbon-coated iron nanoparticles (CCIN) and epirubicin-loaded CCIN on Hep-G2 cells in vitro and compare the acute toxicities of epirubicin and epirubicin-loaded CCIN in mice.

METHODSThe cytotoxicities of CCIN and epirubicin-loaded CCIN on HepG2 cells were assessed using MTT assay, and the uptake of CCIN by the tumor cells was observed by optical and electron microscopy. Different doses of epirubicin and equivalent doses of epirubicin-loaded CCIN were injected intravenously in mice to compare their acute toxicities.

RESULTSOptical and electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic uptake of CCIN in the tumor cells without obvious destruction of the cell structural integrity. Incubation of the HepG-2 cells with different concentrations of CCIN suspension did not result in significant variation in the mean absorbance. MTT assay showed reduced cytotoxicity of epirubicin-loaded CCIN in HepG2 cells as compared with that of epirubicin alone. The cell growth inhibition rate was significantly higher with epirubicin-CCIN mixture that contained a lower proportion of CCIN. In acute toxicity experiment with mice, the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of epirubicin was 16.9 mg/kg, while that of epirubicin-CCIN mixture was 20.7 mg/kg.

CONCLUSIONCCIN uptake by HepG-2 cells does not cause obvious cytotoxicity in vitro within a certain concentration range, epirubicin-loaded CCIN has reduced cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells as compared with epirubicin, and the cytotoxicity of the mixture decreases with the increase in the CCIN content in the mixture. Epirubicin delivery in mixture with CCIN can reduce its acute toxicity in mice.

Animals ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Carbon ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Drug Carriers ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Epirubicin ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Ferric Compounds ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Iron ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Mice ; Nanoparticles ; toxicity ; Toxicity Tests, Acute

Objective: To study the infection rate of secondary close contacts of COVID-19 patients, and assess the infection risk in the contacts. Methods: COVID-19 patients' close contacts (with a clear exposure time to index case) with negative nucleic acid test results and secondary close contacts were surveyed in continuous isolation and medical observation in this prospective study. The dynamic nucleic acid test results of the close contacts and secondary contacts of COVID-19 patients were collected to assess their risk of infection. Results: A total of 4 533 close contacts were surveyed, in whom 14 were confirmed as COVID-19 patients with overall secondary attack rate of 0.31%, and 4 201 secondary contacts were tracked, in whom no subsequent infections occurred. Conclusion: Close contacts of COVID-19 patients entered in centralized isolation for medical observation with negative nucleic acid tese results,the secondary close contacts of COVID-19 patients have no risk of infection.
COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Contact Tracing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Nucleic Acids ; Prospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2