Hide melting presents itself as one of the most critical processes in the production of donkey-hide gelatin. Here a NIR-based method was established for the rapid analysis of in-process hide melting solutions as well as for end-point determination of this process. Near infrared (NIR) spectra of hide melting solutions were collected in transflective mode. With the contents of total nitrogen determined by the Kjeldahl method as reference values, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to build calibration models between NIR spectra and total nitrogen. Model parameters including wavelength range and PLS factors were optimized to achieve best model performance. Based on the contents of total nitrogen predicted by calibration model, end point of hide melting was determined. The constructed PLS model gave a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.991 3 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.807 g x L(-1). With the predicted total nitrogen and predefined limit, decisions concerning the proper times of melting were made. This research demonstrated that NIR transflectance spectroscopy could be used to expeditiously determine the contents of total nitrogen which was subsequently chosen as the indictor for determining the end-point of hide melting. The proposed procedure may help avoid unnecessary raw material or energy consumption.
Animals ; Calibration ; Endpoint Determination ; methods ; Equidae ; anatomy & histology ; Gelatin ; chemistry ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; chemistry ; Skin ; chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Time Factors ; Transition Temperature

In this paper, NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy)-based total quality control system for the Tanreqing injection was introduced briefly. By analyzing and summing up the significance and difficulties, several important problems of the practical applications which need urgent solutions are proposed. And also the applicationprospect of NIRS is fully discussed and put forward in the end.
Drug Compounding ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; standards ; Injections ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

During the washing process of coarse bear gall powder extracts, it is necessary to adjust the amount of ethyl acetate according to the properties of raw materials, which aims to improving the yield and purity of the final product. In the research, using NIR spectra to reflect the comprehensive properties of coarse bear gall powder extracts, the process is optimized in a flexible way. Forty batches experiments are designed according to the weight ratio of ethyl acetate and coarse extracts of bear gall powder. The NIR spectra of the coarse extracts of bear gall powder are collected and processed using principal component analysis (PCA) method. The first 8 principal components combined with the amount of the ethyl acetate are used as the input variables, and calibration models are established to predict the yield and purity of the final product 30 batches are used as calibration set, which is used to establish the models, and other 10 batches are used as validation set, which is used for the performance appraisal of the established models. The correlation coefficients of the calibration, inner cross-validation and external validation for the purity model are 0.902, 0.896 and 0.883, respectively, and the RMSEC, RMSECV and RMSEP are 1.22%, 1.48% and 1.59%, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the calibration, inner cross-validation and external validation for the yield model are 0.921, 0.859 and 0.916, respectively, and the RMSEC, RMSECV and RMSEP are 1.39%, 1.65% and 1.53% respectively. This work demonstrated that NIR spectra combined with technology parameter could be used to predict the yield and purity of the final product. Using the established models, the most appropriate amount of the ethyl acetate can be determined according to the properties of the coarse bear gall powder extracts, and the yield and purity of the final product can be improved.
Acetates ; chemistry ; Animals ; Gallbladder ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Powders ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; methods ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods ; Ursidae

Extraction process trajectory of Danhong injection by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate data analysis techniques was developed for in-line monitoring of extraction process. To capture the variation of batch process, the use of score, Hotelling T2 and DModX control charts was investigated for real-time monitoring of extraction process. Various abnormal behaviors of the test batches were detected in time by comparing the extraction process trajectory. It was concluded that the process trajectory for in-line quality control based on NIR spectroscopy was a feasible technology tool of the total process quality control during traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing process.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Online Systems ; Quality Control ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

OBJECTIVETo establish a rapid quantitative analysis method for the quality control of Danhong injection extraction using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.

METHODOnline collecting the NIR spectra during the mixed extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius, partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed for the quality indicators rosmarinic acid (RA), salvia acid B (SaB), lithospermic acid (LA), hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and solid content (SSC), with HPLC and weight-loss method as reference methods.

RESULTThe correlation coefficients of the cross validation for RA, SaB, LA, HSYA and SSC were 0.909 3, 0.915 2, 0.901 9, 0.747 7 and 0.931 4, respectively. And the root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) were 0.012 1, 0.251, 0.017 7, 0.038 1 g x L(-1) and 0.359%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONIn this study, NIR spectroscopy was successfully applied to achieve the real-time determination of the contents of RA, SaB, LA and SSC, while the performance of the HSYA calibration model needed to be improved.

Carthamus tinctorius ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Online Systems ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

Microgravity is known to produce a number of neurological disturbances during space flight; however, the underlying mechanism of these disturbances is yet to be elucidated. There have been some reports about the increased oxidative stress under microgravity or simulated microgravity. In the present study, we investigated the process of oxidative stress induced by simulated microgravity in different areas of rat brain, which may shed light on the mechanism of neurological disturbances and further neuroprotective research in spaceflight. After adaption for 7 d, 40 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were matched for body weight and randomly assigned to control groups (7, 14, 21 and 28 d) and tail-suspended simulated microgravity groups (7, 14, 21 and 28 d). The tail-suspended groups were treated with 30 angels of tail suspension and the control groups were treated similarly to the tail-suspended groups but without tail suspension. After the required times, different structures of rat brain, including cerebellum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, were harvested and frozen for the further determination. Griess assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay, competitive ELISA and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay were used for the observation of the changes of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrotyrosine (NT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), respectively. As shown in the results, there were different changes in various brain regions after tail suspension compared with control groups. (1) In cerebellum, NT increased after 7 d tail suspension, decreased after 14 d and increased again after 28 d; MDA increased after 14 d; RNS increased and TAC decreased after tail suspension for 21 d; (2) Increase of NT after14 d tail suspension, increase of MDA and decrease of TAC after 21 d were found in cerebral cortex; (3) In hippocampus, RNS increased after tail suspension for 7 d, decreased after 14 d and increased again after 28 d; MDA increased after 21 d; NT increased after 28 d; TAC increased after 7 d and recovered after 21 d. These results suggest that simulated microgravity induced by tail suspension increases the level of oxidative stress in rat brain; however, there are different features in different areas of rat brain. During the response to simulated microgravity, rat brain tissues present a similar process from adaptive response to irreversible oxidative damage.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Brain ; physiopathology ; Hindlimb Suspension ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Weightlessness Simulation

OBJECTIVETo establish a method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) for quality control of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos.

METHODSThe contents of chlorogenic acid(CA) and caffeic acid(CfA) were determined, and the relative correction factors(RCF) of other organic acids were calculated, which were used for the indirect determination.

RESULTSThe RCFs for the neochlorogenic acid(NCA), 3, 4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3, 4-DCA), 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3, 5-DCA), and 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid(4, 5-DCA) were 5.462, 5.689, 2.313, 2.382(to CA) and 3.941, 4.103, 1.669, 1.718(to CfA), respectively. The established method was validated in different laboratories with different high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) instruments and different chromatographic columns; the result indicated that the reproducibility was satisfactory. There was no significant difference between the established QAMS method and external reference method (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe established QAMS method can be used for simultaneous determination of 6 organic acids as quality control of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos with easy available standard substances.

Caffeic Acids ; analysis ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Quinic Acid ; analysis ; Reproducibility of Results

In recent years, the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has gained wide acceptance within the quantitative analysis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the lack of technical standards is the bottleneck problem in this process. To address this issue, standardization study of the NIR spectroscopy based method for the quantitative analysis of TCM is needed, in which the specific characteristics of TCM should be given full considerations. The main research contents include:the scope definition for the application of NIR spectroscopy in the TCM quantitative analysis field, the selection criteria for the sample pretreatment and spectral acquisition conditions, the rules for the model optimization and evaluation, and the regulations for the model update and transfer. In this paper, some foreign studies in the agricultural areas are reviewed for reference. Different chemometrics methods reported in the literature are investigated and compared systematically. This research is important actual significance to the theoretical development of NIR spectroscopy analytical techniques, and will effectively promote the application of the technology in the TCM industry. Furthermore, it is beneficial to improve the technical level of TCM quality control, and can also be used as references to achieve similar purposes for other natural products.

In this paper, the principle of NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy)-based process trajectory technology was introduced.The main steps of the technique include:① in-line collection of the processes spectra of different technics; ② unfolding of the 3-D process spectra;③ determination of the process trajectories and their normal limits;④ monitoring of the new batches with the established MSPC (multivariate statistical process control) models.Applications of the technology in the chemical and biological medicines were reviewed briefly. By a comprehensive introduction of our feasibility research on the monitoring of traditional Chinese medicine technical process using NIRS-based multivariate process trajectories, several important problems of the practical applications which need urgent solutions are proposed, and also the application prospect of the NIRS-based process trajectory technology is fully discussed and put forward in the end.

The high price of the reference substances is an obstacle for the HPLC analysis of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. To solve this problem, a new method based on the standard reference extract (SRE) was proposed. In this study, the extract of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was calibrated, and the long-term stability was investigated. Different concentration solutions of SRE were prepared for establishment of the calibration profiles, and 6 organic acids were determined. T-test was used for the comparison of the determination results via reference substances and SRE, and the results demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the two methods. The presented method can be used for the quality control of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, and will also offer reference to resolve similar problems.
Flowers ; chemistry ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards