Succinic acid is widely used in the field of chemistry and food proces s. Compared to the traditional chemical synthesis, succinic acid production by fermentation has some benefits. The new process with competitive cost uses rene wable agricultural resources including green house gas CO 2 instead of fossil f uels and reduces pollution from chemical synthesis. In this article, research progr e ss in production of succinic acid by fermentation such as microorganisms, metabo lic pathways and its regulation, fermentation and isolation are briefly reviewed .

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Gastroscopy ; methods ; standards ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Specimen Handling ; methods ; Tissue Embedding ; methods

To summarize Professor LIU Feng-bin's clinical experience and theoretical thoughts on chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), the study group designed a retrospective study on his case series and expert interview. First of all, the data of CAG patients treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine between 2009 and 2013, e. g. herbs, diseases, syndrome type, prescription amount and number of herbs, was collected and processed. The statistical description and binary logistic regression were used to determined the syndrome type, initial basic remedy and modification. During the statistics, a complete and sub-group analysis was performed simultaneously. After the expert interview, the syndrome type and medication were finalized. As a result, a total of 228 CAG patients aged at (50.30 ± 10.18) were collected, including 151 males (66.23%). Of them, the TCM diagnosis and syndrome type were extracted from the information of 157 patients, including 115 cases with gastric stuffiness, 23 cases with gastric pain, 19 missing cases, 2 cases with spleen-stomach weakness syndrome, 57 cases with spleen deficiency and dampness-heat syndrome, 18 cases with spleen-stomach disharmony syndrome, 23 cases with syndrome of liver depression syndrome, 21 cases with liver qi invading stomach syndrome and 26 qi and yin deficiency syndrome, respectively. All of the 228 patients used totally 104 herbs, while the subgroups with 157 patients used 94 herbs. The most frequently used 15 herbs used in each groups were analyzed to determine the initial basic remedy and modification. Subsequently, based on the information of the sub-groups with 157 patients, with the syndrome type as the dependent variable, the logistic regression analysis was made on the most frequently used 32 herbs, in order to determined the modification in herbs for different syndrome types. After experts reviewed and modified, they believed the main causes of CAG were dietary irregularities, moodiness and weak constitution; the pathogenesis of CAG was spleen deficiency with qi stagnation, heat depression and blood stasis in the stomach meridian. The above six syndrome types and 12 herbs were determined, including Pseudostellariae Radix, Poria, Atractylodismacrocephalae Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Sepiae Endoconcha, Arecae Pericarpium, Aurantii Fructus, Perillae Caulis, Herba Hedyotis Diffusae, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Curcumae Rhizoma. This study summarized Professor LIU Feng-bin's clinical experience and theoretical thoughts of chronic atrophic gastritis based on clinical practice data and expert interview, with a rigorous design and good scientificity and practicability.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of acute cold exposure on the inflammation and pathologic injuries in pulmonary of rats, and explore the mechanism induced by cold stress.

METHODSForty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups(n = 8): control group (23 ± 2) °C 2.5 h, -25°C 0.5 h group, -25°C 1 h group, -25°C 2 h group and -25°C 2.5 h group. Rats were exposed to cold at -25°C and no wind by keeping them in a low temperature chamber except control group. Rectal temperatures of the rats were measured before and after cold exposure. The morphological changes of pulmonary were observed by the optics microscope. The levels of tumer necrosis factor-α(TNF- α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-β (IL-1β) in lung tissue homogenate were measured by ELISA.

RESULTSCompared to the control group, body core temperatures of the -25°C 1 h group, -25°C2 h group and -25°C 2.5 h group were decreased significantly, and the D-values of rectal temperature were increased before and after cold exposure (P < 0.05). The infiltration of inflammatory cells and alveolar edema fluid appeared in the lung tissue of the -25°C 2.5 h group. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inter- leukin-1β (IL-1β) in lung tissue homogenate were increased significantly in -25°C l h group, -25°C 2 h group and -25C° 2.5 h group (P < 0. 05).

CONCLUSIONThe infiltration of inflammatory cells and the increase in proinflammatory cytokine from pulmonary may lead to the lung tissue injury after acute cold exposure.

Animals ; Cold Temperature ; adverse effects ; Inflammation ; physiopathology ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lung ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore an ideal method for repairing the skin-soft tissue defects according to the different anatomical units of cheek, and find reasonable design principles to transfer the expanded flaps.

METHODSAccording to the location of the defect, we placed 1-3 appropriate expanders nearby, when the flap expanded enough we adopted advanced skin flaps, rotation-advanced skin flaps or transposition skin flaps to repair the defect. In this group of 269 cases, the defects were secondary to hemangioma, various scars, nevus or nevus excision.

RESULTSIn all 269 cheek defects, 305 expanded flaps were developed which included 145 rotation-advanced flaps, 121 advanced skin flaps and 39 transposition skin flaps. 52 of them generated complications, including blood circulation disorder of the distal part of flaps, hematoma, infection, injection, lower eyelid ectropion, expander extrusion and capsule contracture. Mostly, these complications didn't affect the final results.

CONCLUSIONSThe principles presented in this article are the guidelines to treat the skin-soft tissue defect of check with tissue expansion. The satisfied results come from the reasonable flap designs.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cheek ; surgery ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Skin Transplantation ; methods ; Surgical Flaps ; Tissue Expansion ; methods ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the importance of TLICS classification to surgical options of thoracolumbar fractures by analyzing the cause of intravertebral vacuum sign, vertebral collapse and vertebral pseudarthrosis.

METHODSFrom January 2006 to December 2010, the clinical data about 15 patients with postoperative complications by thoracolumbar fracture after posterior internal fixation were retrospectively analyzed. There were 9 males and 6 females, ranging in age from 18 to 75 years, with an average of 54.6 years. Of them, fracture site in T12 was 7 cases, L1 was 5 cases, L2 was 3 cases; compression fractures was in 12 cases and burst fracture was in 3 cases; according to classification of TLICS, 12 cases were of type I ,3 cases of type III. And the causes of complications after posterior fixation were analyzed according clinical manifestation and imaging finding combined with review literatures.

RESULTSAfter 10 to 20 months following-up (with average of 15 months), loss of vertebral height found in 9 cases (4 cases existed vertebral collapse, as well as 3 cases occurred screw loosening) and Intravertebral Vacuum Sign appeared in 6 cases.

CONCLUSIONIn order to avoid the vertebral vacuum and fixation failure, the clinical data of patients should be roundly and carefully evaluated, surgical indications should be strictly controlled and the surgical approach should be selected according to correct classification. Particularly, the reconstruction of the stability of former spinal column shoud be paid more attention.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Thoracic Injuries ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

AIMTo elucidate the effect of sphingosine kinase (SPK) on the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced migration of endothelial cells.

METHODSWe constructed recombinant adenoviral vectors, which contain SPK gene and its mutant respectively. These adenoviral vectors were packaged and amplified in 293 cells. And intracellular SPK activity was assayed via measurement of [32]P radioisotope labeled S1P; the effect of SPK activation on HGF-induced migration of endothelial cell was observed by Transwell technique.

RESULTSAdenoviral mediated expression of SPK gene increased in ECV 304 cells intracellular SPK activity, which in turn enhanced the HGF-induced migration. Whereas these activities were blocked by the dominant negative SPK gene.

CONCLUSIONThese findings show that SPK activation plays important roles in the regulation of HGF-induced migration of endothelial cells.

Adenoviridae ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) ; genetics ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

The study was to understand the impact on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of donor's T cells during mobilization with rhG-CSF. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were collected from 15 donors before mobilization and on fifth day of mobilization with rhG-CSF. After the PBMNC were activated with 500 ng/ml of CD3 monoclonal antibody and 500 microg/ml of rhIL-2 for 96 hours, the activated T cells were collected for testing proliferation, cytotoxicity, Fas expression, perforin and Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression, the IFN-gamma concentration in the culture medium of the activated T cells was determined by radioimmunoassay. The results showed that the proliferation activity of T lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity of T cells activated with CD3 monoclonal antibody and rhIL-2 were reduced markedly after mobilization with rhG-CSF (P < 0.05). The Fas molecule expression in the activated T cells was very high both before and after mobilization with rhG-CSF (P > 0.10). The activated T cells expressed perforin mRNA and didn't express FasL mRNA both before and after mobilization with rhG-CSF. The concentration of IFN-gamma in the culture medium of the activated T cells decreased significantly after mobilization with rhG-CSF (P < 0.01). It is concluded that activity of proliferation and cytotoxicity of donor's T cells is impaired after mobilization with rhG-CSF.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Fas Ligand Protein ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; drug effects ; immunology ; fas Receptor ; biosynthesis ; genetics

The aim of this research was to understand the influence of rhG-CSF on the sphingosine kinase (SphK) activity of monocytes. The peripheral blood monocytes were collected from 6 peripheral blood progenitor cell donors on the fifth day of mobilization with rhG-CSF and from 5 blood donors' buffy coats. The mRNA expressions of monocyte G-CSF receptor and SphK were tested with RT-PCR. The changes of SphK activity of monocytes were assayed after being treated with rhG-CSF. The results showed that the two kinds monocytes collected from both blood donors and peripheral blood progenitor cell donors mobilized with rhG-CSF expressed mRNA of G-CSF receptor and SphK. The SphK activity of monocytes collected from blood donors was not changed significantly after being treated with rhG-CSF (P > 0.05). The SphK activity of monocytes collected from peripheral blood progenitor cell donors transiently increased by (39.6 - 87.2)% after being treated by means of rhG-CSF (P < 0.05) without obviously dose-dependent effect. It is concluded that the SphK activity of monocytes collected from peripheral blood progenitor cell donors can be activated by rhG-CSF.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; Humans ; Monocytes ; cytology ; enzymology ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical promoting effect of crossing nape electroacupuncture on the recovery of swallowing function and recovery from pulmonary infection in post-cerebral infarction patients with tracheotomy.MethodSixty post-cerebral infarction patients with cough reflex disorder and swallowing dysfunction associated with pulmonary infection receiving tracheotomy and tracheal intubation were subjects. They were allocated, using a random number table, to three groups, 20 cases each. In each group, the patients were enrolled in order of visits. The three groups were given the same basic treatment for fighting inflammation, resolving phlegm and improving blood supply. The crossing nape electroacupuncture group received bilateral points Fengchi (GB20), Yifeng (TE17), Dicang (ST4)-to-Jiache (ST6) and Lianquan (CV23) acupuncture with electrodes connected by left-right crossing. The acupuncture group received bilateral points Fengchi, Yifeng, Dicang-to-Jiache and Lianquan acupuncture without electrodes connected. The control group received basic treatment with Western drugs without acupuncture therapy. Observations were carried out using the Kubota’s water drinking test, the Toshima Ichiro Swallowing Assessment and the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score. The clinical therapeutic effects were evaluated in the three groups.ResultThe therapeutic effects evaluated using the Kubota’s water drinking test and the Toshima Ichiro Swallowing Assessment were better in the crossing nape electroacupuncture group than in the acupuncture group and better in the acupuncture group than in the control group (P<0.05). The score of the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score decreased in all the three groups. The promoting effect on recovery from pulmonary infection was marked in the crossing nape electroacupuncture group (P<0.01).ConclusionCrossing nape electroacupuncture has a marked improving effect on dysphagia in post-cerebral infarction patients with tracheotomy and tracheal intubation. It can promote recovery from pulmonary infection in post-cerebral infarction patients with cough reflex disorder receiving tracheotomy and tracheal intubation.