Air Pollutants ; standards ; China ; Particulate Matter ; standards

Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; Humans ; Particulate Matter ; Public Health ; Smog

Objective To do the epidemiological analysis based on the data of air fine particulate matter PM2.5 and daily mortality and to estimate the exposure-response relationship. Methods Based on the online search of relevant studies with the same endpoint meta-analysis was used to do the comprehensive assessment to determine the exposure-response relationship. Results The exposure-response relationship between short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and the increased percentage of daily mortality was found as the concentration of air fine particulate increased a certain degree(100 ?g/m3) the daily mortality of residents increased by 12.06%(95%CI 8.31%-15.82%). Conclusion The exposure-response relationship recommended in the present paper can be applied to the health risk assessment of air fine particulate matter in various cities of China.

Outdoor air pollution is one of the major environmental problems for China, and it has drawn wide concerns. This paper descsibed the current status of air pollution in China and reviewed the research on air pollution and human heaith in China from the followmg perspectives: the acute heaith effects, chronic heaith effects, and interventional research; finally the authors discussed the prospect of future related researches.

OBJECTIVEUsing case-crossover design to estimate the acute effect of ambient air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, and to explore the applicability of if in studying the acute health effects of air pollution.

METHODSCase-crossover technique was used to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality from June 2000 to December 2001 in Shanghai. The results of the bi-directional control sampling approach were compared with unidirectional approach.

RESULTSThe validity of relative risks in case-crossover studies varied greatly depending on the strategy used in control sampling. When a bi-directional six control sampling approach was used an increase of relative risk of non-accident mortality on each 10 micro g/m(3) over a 48-hr moving average of PM(10), SO(2) and NO(2) corresponds to 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001 - 1.005), 1.016 (95% CI: 1.011 - 1.021), and 1.020 (95% CI: 1.012 - 1.027) respectively was seen.

CONCLUSIONThe results reinforced the deleterious role of current air pollution level on human health in Shanghai, and provided information on the applicability of case-crossover design in studying the acute health effects of air pollution.

Air Pollution ; adverse effects ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between temperature and daily mortality in Shanghai from June 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001.

METHODSTime-series approach was used to estimate the effect of temperature on daily total and cause-specific mortality. We fitted generalized additive Poisson regression using non-parametric smooth functions to control for long-term time trend, season and other variables. We also controlled for day of the week.

RESULTSA gently sloping V-like relationship between total mortality and temperature was found, with an optimum temperature (e.g. temperature with lowest mortality risk) value of 26.7 degrees C in Shanghai. For temperatures above the optimum value, total mortality increased by 0.73% for each degree Celsius increase; while for temperature below the optimum value, total mortality decreased by 1.21% for each degree Celsius increase.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings indicate that temperature has an effect on daily mortality in Shanghai, and the time-series approach is a useful tool for studying the temperature-mortality association.

China ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Mortality ; trends ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of long-term air particulate matter exposure on the life expectancy and survival rate of Shanghai residents.

METHODSEpidemiology--based exposure-response function was used for the calculation of attributable deaths to air particulate matter in Shanghai, and the effect of long-term exposure to particulate matter on life expectancy and survival rate was estimated using the life table of Shanghai residents in 1999.

RESULTSIt was shown that in 1999, the long-term air particulate matter exposure caused 1.34-1.69 years reduction of life expectancy and a decrease of survival rate for each age group of Shanghai residents.

CONCLUSIONThe effect of long-term exposure to air particulate matter on life expectancy is substantial in Shanghai.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Particle Size ; Survival ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the loss of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) due to particulate air pollution in Chinese urban residents.

METHODSDALYs was applied to evaluate the health effects due to particulate air pollution in the residents of 656 Chinese cities, and the data of annual average concentrations of inhalable particle (PM(10)) in 2006 were collected from the state-owned air quality monitoring network.

RESULTSParticulate air pollution in Chinese urban areas in 2006, could cause (506.6 +/- 95.2) thousand premature deaths, (156.6 +/- 41.2) thousand new cases of chronic bronchitis, (12.6 +/- 5.2) million outpatient visits for internal medicine, (99.9 +/- 50.4) thousand and (72.0 +/- 8.2) thousand hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases respectively. The attributable DALYs loss in urban residents amounted up to (5.26 +/- 0.99) million person years in 2006, of which, 96.26% (506.55/526.22) were caused by premature deaths. The attributable loss of DALYs increased with more seriously PM-polluted atmosphere and larger urban population.

CONCLUSIONSubstantial adverse health effects due to outdoor particulate air pollution were observed in China urban areas, thus strengthening air pollution control still remains an imperative and urgent matter in public health perspective.

Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; Air Pollution ; adverse effects ; China ; Cities ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Environmental Monitoring ; Health Status ; Humans ; Life Tables ; Particulate Matter ; adverse effects ; Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVETo examine the effect of particulate matter (PM) less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) and ozone (O3) on daily mortality in Shanghai, China.

METHODSA generalized additive model with penalized spline function was used to observe the acute effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality.

RESULTSHigher PM10 significantly increased the effect of O3 on total mortality, and O3 also increased the effect of PM10 although the estimated increment was statistically insignificant.

CONCLUSIONOur findings provide further evidence for the effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality.

Air Pollutants ; toxicity ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Mortality ; Ozone ; toxicity ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVEThis work aimed to construct Shanghai air quality health index (SAQHI) and to grade the air quality in Shanghai.

METHODSDaily average concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometer (PM(10)), SO(2) and NO(2) from 2001 to 2008 in the central urban areas of Shanghai were collected from Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. Contemporaneous data of daily average temperature and relative humidity were obtained from Shanghai Meteorological Bureau. Contemporaneous daily non-accidental mortality of registered residents in central urban areas of Shanghai were obtained from Shanghai Municipal CDC, respectively. Time-series analysis was conducted to estimate the association between air pollution and daily non-accidental mortality in the central urban areas of Shanghai. SAQHI was then established and applied to grade the air quality in Shanghai.

RESULTSOn average, there were 122 non-accidental daily deaths in the central urban areas of Shanghai from 2001 to 2008. The contemporaneous daily average concentrations of PM(10), SO(2) and NO(2) for the same period were (97.3 ± 59.5), (50.1 ± 27.8) and (64.7 ± 23.9) µg/m(3), respectively. Daily average temperature was (17.7 ± 8.8)°C, and daily average relative humidity was (71.4 ± 11.8)%. Based on results of time series analysis, formula for SAQHI was SAQHI = 10/17× (exp (0.000 153×PM(10))-1+exp (0.000 662×NO(2))-1)×100. Air quality in Shanghai was graded according to SAQHI values as low health risk (SAQHI: 0 ∼ 3), moderate health risk (SAQHI: 4-6), high health risk (SAQHI: 7-10) and very high health risk (SAQHI: > 10).

CONCLUSIONSAQHI could be applied in grading air quality in Shanghai, and reflect the effects of the overall air quality on health.

Air Pollutants ; analysis ; Air Pollution ; analysis ; China ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Mortality ; Particulate Matter ; analysis ; Time Factors