Protamex,flavorzyme and neutrase were used for bienzyme hydrolysis of Mytilus edulis.Protamex and flavorzyme were determined as the optimal hydrolases by analysis of hydrolysis effects.After bienzyme hydrolysis,ester forming yeast fermentation was used to prepare seasoner.The effects of fermentation of single or compound strains on the value of FAN were detected by formaldehyde titration method.The results showed that the value of FAN was 0.65% when the conditions of ester forming yeast 1274 were as follows:inoculation volume 5%(v/v),fermentation temperature 28℃ and culture time 72h after bienzyme hydrolysis;the value of FAN was 0.78% when the hydrolytic solution was fermented by compound strains including ester forming yeast 1274 and 1202 under the same fermentation conditions.After fermentation of ester forming yeast,the seasoner gave a full-bodied smell of ester with fermentation flavour.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rhinitis ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; Young Adult ; beta-Defensins ; metabolism

In order to make students have integrative qualities and reform the shortage of former teaching methods in the food microbiology experiment,a new experiment teaching system was established,introducina the integrative and innovative experiment to the students gradually.The reformation of experiment in food microbiology has trained the students well and improved their special skills.Most important of all,it can offer them a chance to realize their own ideas.The students can design an innovative and integrative experiment to carry out their originalities.Good effects have been made since this system is very helpful to improve their consciousness of innovation and integrative abilities in doing experiments.

Objective To investigate the direct inhibitory effects of 153Sm- DTPA-c (Cys-Gly-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ser-Cys) NH2 ( 153 Sm-DTPA-c (CGRRAGGSC)) on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Methods 153Sm-DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC) was synthesized by the reaction of 153SmCl3 with DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC) using indirect synthesis method. PC-3 cells in vitro culture were divided into four study groups, groug A ( the control, with PBS only), group B with 1.5 mg/L c ( CGRRAGGSC), group C with 370 kBq 153 SmCl3 and group D with 370 kBq 153Sm-DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC). PC-3 cell growth was assayed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression changes of interleukin 11 (IL11 ) and IL11 receptor (IL1 1 R) in PC-3 cells were examined by Western Blot. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired-t test were applied for statistic analysis. Results The labeling yield of 153Sm-DTPA-c (CGRRAGGSC) was 85% and the radiochemical purity was 95.8%. The specific activity of 153Sm-DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC) was 1.32 × 105 MBq/μmol. Significant inhibitory effects on the growth of PC-3 cells were found in both group C and D, with a time-dependent manner. However, no obvious inhibition was found either in group A or in group B. After 48 h,significant differences of sub-G1 peak area were found among groups, (0. 98 ± 0. 18)%, (0. 35 ±0. 10)%, (4.05 ±0.28)% and (13.38 ±0. 89)% for group A, B, C and D, respectively. Furthermore,sexpression of ILl 1R in group D was significantly lower than that in group B and C with absorbance values 0. 339 ~ 0.014, 0.338 ~ 0.019, 0.226 ~ 0. 015 for group B, C and D, respectively. Absorbance values in groups B and C were not significantly different after treatment, compared with those before treatment; however, there was difference between absorbance values after and before treatment in group D ( t = 0. 405,1. 163,135.989,P>0.05 >0.05, <0.05). Conchluion 153Sm-DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC) can directly in hibit the cell growth and expression of human prostate cancer cells PC-3.

Nondestructive method of measuring soluble solids content (SSC) of citrus fruits was developed using Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) measurements collected through optics fiber. The models describing the relationship between SSC and the NIR spectra of citrus fruits were developed and evaluated. Different spectra correction algorithms (standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative signal correction (MSC)) were used in this study. The relationship between laboratory SSC and FT-NIR spectra of citrus fruits was analyzed via principle component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression method. Models based on the different spectral ranges were compared in this research. The first derivative and second derivative were applied to all spectra to reduce the effects of sample size, light scattering, instrument noise, etc. Different baseline correction methods were applied to improve the spectral data quality. Among them the second derivative method after baseline correction produced best noise removing capability and yielded optimal calibration models. A total of 170 NIR spectra were acquired; 135 NIR spectra were used to develop the calibration model; the remaining spectra were used to validate the model. The developed PLS model describing the relationship between SSC and NIR reflectance spectra could predict SSC of 35 samples with correlation coefficient of 0.995 and RMSEP of 0.79 degrees Brix.
Biochemistry ; methods ; Calibration ; Citrus ; metabolism ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Light ; Models, Statistical ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Scattering, Radiation ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; methods ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

Watermelon is a popular fruit in the world with soluble solids content (SSC) being one of the major characteristics used for assessing its quality. This study was aimed at obtaining a method for nondestructive SSC detection of watermelons by means of visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) diffuse transmittance technique. Vis/NIR transmittance spectra of intact watermelons were acquired using a low-cost commercially available spectrometer operating over the range 350~1000 nm. Spectra data were analyzed by two multivariate calibration techniques: partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) methods. Two experiments were designed for two varieties of watermelons [Qilin (QL), Zaochunhongyu (ZC)], which have different skin thickness range and shape dimensions. The influences of different data preprocessing and spectra treatments were also investigated. Performance of different models was assessed in terms of root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (r) between the predicted and measured parameter values. Results showed that spectra data preprocessing influenced the performance of the calibration models. The first derivative spectra showed the best results with high correlation coefficient of determination [r=0.918 (QL); r=0.954 (ZC)], low RMSEP [0.65 degrees Brix (QL); 0.58 degrees Brix (ZC)], low RMSEC [0.48 degrees Brix (QL); 0.34 degrees Brix (ZC)] and small difference between the RMSEP and the RMSEC by PLS method. The nondestructive Vis/NIR measurements provided good estimates of SSC index of watermelon, and the predicted values were highly correlated with destructively measured values for SSC. The models based on smoothing spectra (Savitzky-Golay filter smoothing method) did not enhance the performance of calibration models obviously. The results indicated the feasibility of Vis/NIR diffuse transmittance spectral analysis for predicting watermelon SSC in a nondestructive way.
Algorithms ; Citrullus ; chemistry ; Food Analysis ; methods ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Photometry ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Solubility ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; methods

OBJECTIVETo construct a morphine tolerance model in primarily cultured striatal neurons, and screen the differentially expressed genes in this model using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH).

METHODSSbtracted cDNA libraries were constructed using SSH from normal primarily cultured striatal neurons and long-term morphine treated striatal neurons (10-5 mol/L for 72 hours). To check reliability of the cell culture model, RT-PCR was performed to detect the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) mRNA expression. The subtracted clones were prescreened by PCR. The clones containing inserted fragments from forward libraries were sequenced and submitted to GenBank for homology analysis. And the expression levels of genes of interest were confirmed by RT-PCR. Results CREB mRNA expression showed a significant increase in morphine treated striatal neurons (62.85 ± 1.98) compared with normal striatal neurons (28.43 ± 1.46, P < 0.01). Thirty-six clones containing inserted fragments were randomly chosen for sequence analysis. And the 36 clones showed homology with 19 known genes and 2 novel genes. The expression of 2 novel genes, mitochondrial carrier homolog 1 (Mtch1; 96.81 ± 2.04 vs. 44.20 ± 1.31, P < 0.01) and thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (Akt1; 122.10 ± 2.17 vs. 50.11 ± 2.01, P < 0.01), showed a significant increase in morphine-treated striatal neurons compared with normal striatal neurons.

CONCLUSIONSA reliable differential cDNA library of striatal neurons treated with long-term morphine is constructed. Mtch1 and Akt1 might be the candidate genes for the development of morphine tolerance.

Analgesics, Opioid ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Corpus Striatum ; cytology ; Drug Tolerance ; physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Library ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; cytology ; drug effects ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods

OBJECTIVEIntegrating column switching for on-line concentration and programmed injection, a novel HPLC method is developed for simultaneous determination of high-content water-soluble components (danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, salvianolic acid B) and trace nerolidol in Xiangdan injection. The concentrations of water-soluble components in Xiangdan injection are roughly 1000 times of that of nerolidol.

METHODThe on-line concentration was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 guard column. The separation was carried out on Lichrospher C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase of guard column was mixtures of acetonitrile and 1.0% acetic acid water, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL x min(-1). The mobile phase of the analytical column was mixtures of acetonitrile and 0.05% acetic acid water, and the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was maintained at 40 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was 280 nm at 0-40 min, 210 nm at 40-55 min. The program injection was 10 microL of sample solution 1 at 0 min, 200 microL of sample solution 2 at 15.3 min.

RESULTThe calibration curves of danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, salvianolic acid B and nerolidol showed good linear regression (R2 > 0.9990) within investigated concentration ranges. The average recoveries of the four analytes were between l00% and 102%, and the RSD values were less than 3.0%. For danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, salvianolic acid B and nerolidol, the limits of detection at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3 were 17.1, 0.473, 60.2, 50.6 microg x L(-1), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method is a simple, sensitive and repeatable approach. More importantly, results indicate that the present method shows promising prospect for quality control of Xiangdan injection.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; analysis ; Solubility

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of total lumbar disc replacement with SB Charité III prosthesis.

METHODSFrom Dec 1999 to Dec 2006, total lumbar disc replacement with SB Charité III prosthesis was performed in 65 patients affected with degenerative lumbar disc disorders. Among these patients, 48 (52 prosthesis) were followed up for more than two years (from 2.0 to 7.5 years). There were 22 males and 26 females with an average age of 43 years old (from 36 to 58 years). The diagnosis was lumbar disc herniation with low back pain in 34 patients, discogenic low back pain in 9 patients and failed lumbar disc surgery in 5 patients. All patients underwent standard anterior procedure under general anesthesia. One level replacement was done in 44 patients (L3,4 in 3, L4,5 in 23 and L5-S1 in 18), and two level procedures in 4 patients (L3,4/L4,5 in 1 and L4,5/L5-S1 in 3). Clinical and radiographic results of these patients were evaluated at each follow-up time (1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months after operation and the latest).

RESULTSThe average visual analogue scales score for pain was 9.3 before operation, changed to 4.3 one month after operation, further declined to 2.6 two years after operation and finally to 1.8 at the latest follow-up evaluation. Meanwhile, the average Oswestry Disability Index was 45.8 before operation, 28.6 one month after operation, 12.5 two years after operation and 8.2 at the latest followup evaluation. All operated levels but one maintained mobile and there was no significant loss of range of motion observed. Complications such as implant dislocation or significant subsidence of the prosthesis occurred in none case of this group. All patients but one (98%) were satisfied with the surgery at the latest follow-up evaluation.

CONCLUSIONSTotal lumbar disc replacement is an effective method for the treatment of degenerative disc disorders. Its long-term outcome remains to be verified.

Adult ; Arthroplasty, Replacement ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; surgery ; Joint Prosthesis ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To study the evolutionary characteristics and rules of two lineages on influenza B virus.Methods A total of 126 HA1 sequences of strains isolated during 1940 to 2012were downloaded from the GenBank.Time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and divergence of the two lineages were calculated based on the data from phylogenetic analysis of HA1gene,using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Bayesian-MCMC) and molecular clock method.Results The average amino acid variant ratios were ranged from 5.4％ to 10.2％ within the strains of influenza B virus isolated during 1978 to 2010.Compared with the Victoria-like strains,all Yamagatalike strains showed an amino acid deletion at 163th site,while some of them showing a deletion at position 166.HA1 gene of influenza B virus seemed not have been affected by positive selection except a few sites.The evolutionary average rate on HA1 gene was 2.138 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year (95％HPD:1.833 × 10-3-2.437 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year).The estimated dates for TMRCA of the two lineages of influenza B virus could be dated back to 1971 (95％ HPD:1969-1972),while the divergence times of the two lineages were 1973 (95％ HPD:1971-1974) and 1977 (95％ HPD:1975-1978) respectively.Conclusion Significant differences were found on HA1 gene between earlier and recent identified strains of Victoria and Yamagata lineage.Differences between the two lineages increased and showing the potential of dividing themselves into different subtypes in the future.More attention should be paid to these trends and the related epidemiological significance.