Translational medicine is a subject on translating basic research results to clinical applications and pathophysiology is a bridge course combining basic and clinical medicine.Results were good by applying concept of translational medicine in pathophysiology teaching and detailed measures included carrying out case analyses,adding clinical pathophysiology course,developing comprehensive experiments and opening laboratories,etc.

The contents of schisandrol A, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, schisandrin A , schisandrin B, schisandrin C in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF) were determined simultaneously by HPLC. Collect 100-seed weight, color, pulp content, longitude and latitude of SCF of different batches were collected. SIMCA-P and SPSS were applied to make PLS-DA analysis of 24 batches of SCF and correlation analysis of relevant parameters. According to the 13 parameters, SCF from three different places of origin could be distinguished effectively. It was found that the content of chemical component of SCF increased with latitude and longitude first, and then decrease. The results provide some theoretical basis for study of SCF genuineness and traditional method of identifying just from experience.
China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; classification

OBJECTIVETo establish methods for quantitative determination of ginseng saponins, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and polysaccarides and compare the qualities of Tongrentang Red Ginseng and Korean Red Ginseng.

METHODMacroreticular resin-colorimetric method was developed to determine ginseng saponins and a new HPLC method with gradient eluents was established for determination of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1. For ginseng polysaccharides, phenol-oil of vitriol colorimetric method was developed and some factors were also optimized.

RESULTThe content of ginseng saponins in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was not lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were higher than those in Korean Red Ginseng, while Ginsenoside Re was slightly lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. However, the amount of Ginseng Polysaccharides in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was greater than those in Korean Red Ginseng.

CONCLUSIONThe contents of ginseng saponins and ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were not lower than that in Korean Red Ginseng. The methods for determination of ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides were quite accurate and reliable to the quality control of Ginseng.

China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Colorimetry ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; standards ; Korea ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhizome ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the risks on acute cerebral stroke (ACS) inducing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

METHODSData from 1751 patients with acute cerebral stroke were studied by prospective analysis.

RESULTSIn all of the ACS patients,the incidence rate (IR) of SIRS was 36.50% with 205 patients having ACS inducing MODS, to which the IR was 11.71%, and 93 deaths. The case fatality ratio (CFR) was 45.37%. The pathogeneses condition of patients and the MR after the occurrence of MODS had positive correlation with the numbers of dysfunction organs. Study on single factor analysis revealed that the incidence of MODS had some related risk factors in the ACS inducing MODS, including age, diseased region close to the mean line, GCS, level of blood sugar, blood white cell count and the chronic disease history etc. The IR of ACS inducing SIRS and MODS was much higher in the condition of the diseased region near the mean line and the ACS of the basilar artery system.

CONCLUSIONSIRS seemed the base for MODS while the probability and the development degree were not only involved ACS but also SIRS. MODS induced by ACS could be reduced through the second grade program of disease precaution. The detection of those risk factors in the early period of the ACS course could provide some prediction of the prognosis and turnover, thus some early use of intervention methods might be helpful in the treatment of the disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Organ Failure ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; complications ; epidemiology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; epidemiology ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) on pneumocyte apoptosis after lung ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

METHODSAdult male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups based upon the intervention (n = 8): control group (C), lung ischemic reperfusion group (LIR), LIR+ IPostC group (IPostC). At the end of the experiment, blood specimens drawn from the arteria carotis were tested for the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO); the pneumocyte apoptosis index (AI) was achieved by tennrminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end abeling (TUNEL); the expression of Bcl-2, Bax protein in lung tissue was accessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry (MHC) and Bcl-2, Bax mRNA by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIPostC could significantly attenuate the MDA level, MPO activity and improve SOD activity in blood serum which was comparable to I/R and significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells compared with I/R group, expressed as Al (% total nuclei) from (39.0 +/- 3.46) to (8.0 +/- 0.88) (P < 0.01). The protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and Bax showed that IPO significantly attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-upregulated expression of Bax protein but improved the expression of Bcl-2 that improved the Bcl-2/Bax ratio (P < 0.01) .

CONCLUSIONIPostC may attenuate pneumocyte apoptosis in LIRI by up-regulating expression of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and by inhibiting oxidant generation and neutrophils filtration.

Alveolar Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lung Injury ; physiopathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo construct a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4K-beta) mutant with the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons deleted, and try to develop a simple method for constructing middle fragment deletion mutant.

METHODSIn line with the mechanism of gene splicing by overlap extension(SOE), an additional PCR was used to get the PI4K-beta mutant in which the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons were deleted. Then the mutated gene was cloned into pCMV-Tag4A mammalian expression vector.

RESULTSA mutant with the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons deleted was constructed successfully.

CONCLUSIONThe improved SOE is a very effective and reliable method to construct middle fragment deletion mutant. It is worthy to be popularized.

1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Protein Engineering ; methods ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; Sequence Deletion

Objective To assay serum apelin level in obesity and newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and investigate the relationship between serum apelin level and body fat parameter,glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance index,etc.Methods Sixty-two patients with type 2 DM and 72 subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR) were selected and each group was divided into obese and non-obese subgroups according to body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m~2 or

Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine. The stability of chemical constituents in decoction is closely related to the clinical efficacy and safety. There were few reports about the influence of metal ions in the stability of chemical constituents in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is no evidence that metal ions in decoction water need to be controlled. In this study, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), one of the main constituents in Polygoni Multiflori Radix was studied. Ordinary tap water, deionized water, and water containing different metal ions were used to investigate and compare the influence on THSG. The results showed that after storage in a dark place at the room temperature for 10 days, the degradation of THSG was 7% in deionized water, while undetectable in tap water. The content of THSG could be decreased by different kinds of metal ions, and the effect was concentration-dependent. Moreover, Fe3+ and Fe2+ showed the greatest influence at the same concentration; and our study has shown that THSG decreased more than 98% in Fe and Fe2+ solutions at 500 ppm concentration. In the same time we found out p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (molecular weight: 122.036 7) and 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde-2-O-glycoside (molecular weight: 316.079 4) were the main degradation products of THSG in tap water and water containing Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Al3+. The product of THSG dimer with a water molecule was found in water containing Fe3+ and Fe2+. The above results showed that the metal ions in water could significantly influence the stability of THSG in water, indicating that the clinical efficacy and safety of decoction would be affected if the metal ions in water were not under control. It's suggested that deionized water should be used in the preparation of decoction containing Polygoni Multiflori Radix in the clinic to avoid degradation of THSG. Meanwhile, decoction prepared by tap water should be taken by patients in a short time. Our investigation provides important information and reference about the influence of metal ions on the stability of decoctions in other traditional Chinese medicine that have unstable groups such as hydroxyls and unsaturated bonds, etc.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Ions ; chemistry ; Metals ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Polygonaceae ; chemistry ; Stilbenes ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) on hemodynamics of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in porcine model.

METHODSFollowing baseline registrations, SAP was induced in 12 animals. The N(2) pneumoperitoneum was used to increase the intra-abdominal pressure to 30 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) in 6 of 12 SAP animals thereafter and keep constant during the experiment. The investigation period was 12 h. Heart rate, cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP), mean arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) were continuously measured with the aid of balloon tipped flow-directed catheter and electrocardiography monitor. Oxygen partial pressure of artery (PaO(2)), carbon dioxide partial pressure of artery (PaCO(2)), ScvO(2), base excess (BE), and blood lactic acid (LAC) were measured by acid-base analysis.

RESULTSIn the IAH group, CO decreased significantly at 12 h, CVP and PAWP increased significantly at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h compared with SAP group (all P < 0.05). Peak inspiration pressure increased immediately after pneumoperitoneum in the IAH group, to (50.2 ± 3.1) cmH(2)O (1 cmH(2)O = 0.098 kPa) and (49.8 ± 0.9) cmH(2)O at 6 h and 12 h respectively. The pH, PaO(2), ScvO(2) and BE showed a tendency to fall in the IAH group. PaCO(2) and LAC were increased significantly in the IAH group (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThere were remarkable and relatively irreversible effects on global hemodynamics in response to sustained IAH of 12 h with the underlying condition of SAP. Abdominal decompression is beneficial for patients of SAP with IAH.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Intra-Abdominal Hypertension ; Male ; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing ; physiopathology ; Swine

OBJECTIVETo analyze hepatotoxicity of Polygonum multiflorum and clinical character- istics of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by Polygonum multiflorum and its preparations.

METHODSA retrospective study was performed in 158 patients treated at 302 Military Hospital between January 2009 and January 2014. All of them had used Polygonum multiflorum and its preparations before the onset of DILI, and their clinical characteristics and prognoses were analyzed.

RESULTSOf the 158 DILI patients who used Polygonum multiflorum or its preparations, 92 (58.2%) combined with Western medicine or Chinese herbal preparations without Polygonum multiflorum; 66 patients (41.8%) used Polygonum mult florum and its preparations alone. In 66 DILI patients induced by Polygonum multiflorum or its preparations alone, 51 cases (77.3%) were induced by Polygonum multiflorum compounds and 22.7% by single Po- lygonum multiflorum; 4 cases (6.1%) were caused by crude Polygonum multiflorum and 62 (93.9%) by processed Polygonum multiflorum and its preparations. Clinical injury patterns were hepatocellular 92.4% (61 cases), cholestatic 1.5% (1 case), and mixed 6.1% (4 cases). Pathological examination was per- formed by liver biopsy in 32 cases (48.15%), manifested as hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, fibroplasia, Kupffer cells with pigment granule, and a large number of eosinophil infiltration, were ob- served. Four patients were developed into liver failure, 4 into cirrhosis, and 1 died.

CONCLUSIONPolygo- num multiflorum and its preparations could induce DILI, but clinical diagnosis of Polygonum multiflorum induced hepatotoxicity should be cautious.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; diagnosis ; Cholestasis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; Fallopia multiflora ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Failure ; Plant Preparations ; adverse effects ; Polygonum ; Retrospective Studies