Selective protein degradation by the ubiquitin 26S proteasome pathway has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in a wide variety of cellular processes.The ubiquitin/26S proteosome pathway mainly consists of ubiquitin activating enzyme(E1),ubiquitin conjugating enzyme(E2),ubiquitin protein ligase(E3),and 26S proteasome.In an ATP-dependent reaction,uibquitin(Ub) is conjugated to E1,the activated Ub is then transferred to an E2.Finally,the Ub-E2 intermediate delivers the Ub to the target protein by E3 recognition.Polyubiquinated proteins are eventually degraded by the 26S proteasome.In plants,regulated protein degradation by /26S proteasome pathway contributes significantly to development by affecting a wide range of progress,including hormone signaling,photomorphogenesis,self-incompatibility and cell cycle.The recent progress towards understanding the role of the Ub/26S proteasome pathway during plant development was reviewed.

Aged, 80 and over ; Aorta, Abdominal ; pathology ; Embolism, Cholesterol ; therapy ; Female ; Humans

Adult ; Afibrinogenemia ; chemically induced ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; chemically induced ; Male ; Valproic Acid ; adverse effects

Background and qurpose:Docetaxel is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents developed in the past few years and has been used for the treatment of various cancers including lung cancer. Drug resistance to docetaxel is one of the main factors accounting for the failure of chemotherapy. This study was done to establish a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1 with the characterization of docetaxel resistance, to investigate its biological mechanism of drug resistance and how to reverse the resistance. Methods:A docetaxel resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1/Docetaxel was induced by continuously exposing human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1 to gradually increasing doses of docetaxel. The multidrug resistance of SPC-A1/Docetaxel was evaluated by MTT assay. The distribution of cell cycle and rhodamine 123 accumulation in the two cell lines were detected by flow cytometry. Growth fraction was calculated by cytometry, and differentiation of genetics between drug resistance cell line and its parent cell line was analyzed by karyotype analysis.Results:Index number of drug resistance (IR) of SPC-A1/Docetaxel were 13.20, 2.18,1.12,1.39,1.38,0.93, 10.14 and 2.12 to docetaxel, paclitaxel, pharmorubicin, cisplatin,carboplatin, gemzar, vinorelbine and etoposide , respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed G1/G0 arrest in SPC-A1/Docetaxel cell lines and there was no difference in terms of G2 cell proportion between SPC-A1/Docetaxel and SPC-A1 cell lines. Rhodamine concentration in SPC-A1/Docetaxel cells were markedly lower than that in SPC-A1 cells(806.34?0.49 Vs. 1382.26?0.32). Cell doubling time of SPC-A1/Docetaxel cells and SPC-A1 cells were 35.1 and 27.4 hours, respectively, with no difference in terms of genetics between the two cell lines.Conclusions:The SPC-A1/Docetaxel cell line showed high resistance to docetaxel, and had the characteristic of multidrug resistance. The cell line could be useful for the study of drug resistant mechanism and its reversal of docetaxel.

Inner fistula by abdomino-back anastomosis of cephalic vein to radial artery was erformed in 86 patients with hemodialysis (test group) and end-to side arteriovenous anastomosis was performed in 85 cases (control group).There were no significant differences in postoperative anastomotic blood flow and vascular complications between two groups (P ＞ 0.05);however the average time consuming for operation in test group was shorter than that in control group (36 min vs.75 min,P ＜ 0.01).The minimally invasive abdomino-back anastomosis is a desired arteriovenous fistula method for hemodialysis patients.

Objective To reconstruct sparse views CT image based on defective projection data.Methods The position of bad bins in detector determined whether the linear interpolation was applied to the defective projection data.Moreover,reconstruction of air pixels in CT image was achieved rapidly and accurately.Results he experimental results showed that the proposed method could solve the problem from classical ART-TV method that the robustness was unstable due to the different positions of bad bin in CT detector.Conclusion Compared to analytical reconstruction methods,iterative methods can solve the reconstruction problems in this modality so that the radiologist is facilitated to perform image processing and quantitative analysis.

Background Both functional and morphological changes in amblyopic development are known to occur at various levels in the central visual pathway.However,whether the retina is involved or not during amblyopic progression remains controversial.Objective This study was designed to compare the thicknesses of the fovea and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the normal fellow eye of amblyopic eye using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in children with myopic anisometropia.Methods Twenty-two patients with unilateral myopic anisometropic amblyopia were included as the anisometropia amblyopia group.Ten unilateral myopic anisometropic amblyopia subjects received treatment and recovered were used as the amblyopic cure group,and 11 individuals with simple myopic anisometropia without amblyopia were enrolled as the control group.OCT was performed on both eyes of all the subjects with informed consent.Fovea retinal thickness and RNFL thickness from the superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants in the peripapillary region were evaluated.The measurement parameters were bilaterally compared in all the individuals by paired t test.The multiple regression model was used to analyze the correlation of retinal thickness with amblyopia patients.This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of this hospital.Written informed consent was obtain from each subject prior to the eye examination.Results Fovea retinal thickness increased in the amblyopic eyes compared with the fellow eyes,showing a statistically significant difference between them (P =0.001).However,no significant differences were found in the fovea retinal thickness between both eyes in the amblyopic cure group and simple myopic anisometropia without amblyopia group (P =0.778,0.943).Among the anisometropia amblyopia group,amblyopia cure group and simple myopic anisometropia without amblyopia group,the RNFL thicknesses of the temporal quadrant was significantly thicker in the higher myopic lateral eyes than those of the fellow eyes (P＜0.001,P =0.003,P =0.046).However,the differences in the superior,inferior,nasal and the average RNFL thickness were not statistically significant between the two eyes (P＞0.05).A negative correlation was found between the inferior retinal thickness with age (r=-0.559,P=0.016).Conclusions The fovea may be affected in unilateral myopic anisometropic amblyopia.There is no significant difference in the RNFL thickness between simple myopic eye and unilateral myopic anisometropia amblyopic eye.Improvement in amblyopia is coming along with the reduction of the thickness of the fovea.

The fundamental mechanism of gastrointestinal diseases is the imbalance between the attack factor and the protective factor of stomach mucous membrane. It can not outbreak if the protective factor is stronger than the attack factor; otherwise, it will. Attack and protective function inside the stomach are mediated by various factors. These related factors interaction constitutes a complicated network system. This kind of outbreak theories of imbalance in Western medicine is same as that, "The sense of right saves inside, the evil can't do" and "Evil is competing with right, all diseases occur", in Chinese medicine. So, it is the key which points to futher study the interaction between gastrointestinal attack factors and protective factors by traditional Chinese medicine, thus improving the clinical effect.
Gastrointestinal Diseases ; therapy ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

OBJECTIVETo assess the effectiveness and safety on post-stroke dysphagia in chronic stage treated with magnetic-ball sticking therapy at the auricular points.

METHODSNinety cases of post-apoplexy dysphagia in chronic stage were randomized into an auricular points group and an acupuncture group. In the auricular points group, the magnetic-ball sticking therapy was applied to subcortex (pizhixia, AT4), brainstem (naogan, AT(3,4i)), mouth (kou, CO1), cheek (mianjia, LO(5,6i)), tongue (she, LO2) and throat (yanhou, TG3) on one ear each time, and were changed on the other ear once every 3 days. In the acupucnture group, acupuncture was applied to Feng-chi (GB 20), Yifeng (TE 17), Shanglianquan (Extra), Jinjin (EX-HN 12), Yuye (EX-HN 13), Shuigou (GV 26) and Tongli (TH 5), etc. The needles were retained for 30 min in each treatment. The treatment was gi-yen once a day in the two groups and the treatment of 6 days made one session. There was 1 day at an interval among the sessions. Totally, 3 sessions of treatment were required. The video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed for 4 kinds of food with different properties and shapes in each patient. The main indices were Rosenbek penetration-aspiration score, oral-retaining score and throat-retaining score. The efficacy, and the incidences of aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition were compared between the two groups. The nutrition indices were compared before and after treatment between the two groups, such as the skinfold thickness of triceps brachii muscle, serum albumin and peralbumin.

RESULTSIn 21 days of treatment, in the auricular points group, the 1 mL liquid loversol Rosenbek penetration-aspiration score (1.51 +/- 0.69), oral-retaining score (1.17 +/- 0.38) and throat-retaining score (1.30 +/- 0.66) were all lower than those (2.51 +/- 0.67, 1.63 +/- 0.72, 1.67 +/- 0.7) in the acupuncture group separately. The 10 mL liquid loversol Rosenbek penetration-aspiration score (2.27 +/- 0.65), oral-retaining score (1.60 +/- 0.50) and throat-retaining score (1.49 +/- 0.51) were all lower than those (4.19 +/- 0.73, 2.30 +/- 0.51, 2.41 +/- 0.50) in the acupuncture group separately. The 10 mL paste loversol Rosenbek penetration-aspiration score (1.68 +/- 0.81), oral-retaining score (1.11 +/- 0.31) and throat-retaining score (1.10 +/- 0.31) were all lower than those (3.91 +/- 0.68, 1.63 +/- 0.76, 1.60 +/- 0.76) in the acupuncture group separately. The 1/4 cake-form loversol Rosenbek penetration-aspiration score (2.60 +/- 0.65), oral-retaining score (1.40 +/- 0.50) and throat-retaining score (1.74 +/- 0.49) were all lower than those (4.14 +/- 1.10, 2.40 +/- 0.73, 2.30 +/- 0.83) in the acupuncture group separately. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia was 14.9% (7/47) in the auricular points group, which was lower than 55.0% (22/40) in the acupuncture group (P < 0.01). The incidence of malnutrition was 8. 5% (4/47) in the auricular points group, which was lower than 50.0% (20/40) in the acupuncture group (P < 0.01). In 21 days of treatment, the results of the skinfold thickness of triceps brachii muscle and serum albumin in the auricular points group were better than those in the acupuncture group (both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe magnetic-ball sticking therapy at auricular points achieves the definite efficacy on post-stoke dysphagia in chronic stage and decreases the incidences of aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. The efficacy of this therapy is better than acupuncture.

Acupuncture, Ear ; instrumentation ; Aged ; Deglutition Disorders ; etiology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetics ; instrumentation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke ; complications ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To investigate current status of cognitive behavior on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to provide evidence for targeted intervention.Methods A questionnaire survey on COPD was conducted at 12 settings of 4 prefectures that were sampled from Ningxia Province using multistage stratified cluster random sampling method,and 4268 residents at least 40 years old were interviewed.Multivariate linear regression method was used for data analysis.Results A total of 4056 valid questionnaires were returned from 4200 participants with an effective response rate of 96.57％.Only 6.51％(264/4056) had an idea of COPD,13.88％ (563/4056) regarded cigarette smoking as a risk factor of chronic bronchitis and emphysema,and 6.39％ (259/4056) knew pulmonary function tests.Home income,living area,education level and ethnicity were main factors influencing COPD awareness.The percentage of current cigarette smoking was 28.80％ (1168/4056) with 20.40％ in Hui (Muslim) ethnic group and 34.63％ in Han ethnic group (P ＜ 0.05 ) ; smoking index and severe smokers were not significantly different between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Our data suggest a considerably poor knowledge and prevention awareness of COPD in Ningxia Province.In spite of relatively lower cigarette smoking rate,the problem that Hui (Muslim) ethnic people are lack of COPD awareness should not to be neglected.