Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male urinary system as well as the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening is the main method for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, but has a low specificity for its detection. In recent years, a variety of tumor markers with high sensitivity and specificity have been found. This review focuses on some of the more promising tumor biomarkers such as prostate cancer antigen 3, early prostate cancer antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, and vascular endothelial growth factor.
Antigens, Neoplasm ; blood ; Antigens, Surface ; blood ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; Early Detection of Cancer ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; blood ; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Proteins ; blood ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Racemases and Epimerases ; blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of totally laparoscopic radical resection of gallbladder cancer.Methods The retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was adopted.The clinical data of 30 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection of gallbladder cancer at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2013 to August 2015 were collected.The patients received synchronous hepatic segmental or extrahepatic bile duct resection according to the conditions of patients,and choledochojejunostomy was applied to patients undergoing extrahepatic bile duct resection.The patients accepted postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy according to the results of postoperative pathological examination.Observation indicators included (1) operation situations,including surgical procedures,operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss and number of lymph node dissected,(2) postoperative situations,including time for outoff-bed activity,time for diet intake,time of drainage tube removal,occurrence of complications and duration of hospital stay,(3) results of postoperative pathological examination,including tumor stage and surgical margin,(4) postoperative adjuvant treatment,(5) follow-up situation including the survival of patients,tumor recurrence and metastasis.The follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect the survival of patients and tumor recurrence and metastasis up to December 2015.Count data were represented as average (range).Results All the 30 patients underwent successful laparoscopic radical resection of gallbladder cancer combined with hepatic S4b and S5 resection + lymph node dissection at N1 region.Six patients with obstructive jaundice caused by tumor invaded to extrahepatic bile duct underwent combined laparoscopic extrahepatic bile duct resection + Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy,without perioperative death.The average operation time,average volume of intraoperative blood loss and average number of intraoperative lymph node dissected were 238 minutes (range,178-430 minutes),250 mL (range,200-600 mL) and 7 (range,4-15),respectively.(2) The patients got out-off-bed activity and normal diet intake at postoperative day 2,with a average time of drainage tube removal of 3 days (range,0-25 days) and an average duration of hospital stay of 5 days (range,3-28 days).Two patients with complications were cured by symptomatic treatment.(3) Results of postoperative pathological examination showed that all the patients received R0 resection,and pathological stage showed that 12 patients were detected in Ⅰ B stage,10 in Ⅱ stage,7 in ⅢA stage and 1 in ⅢB stage.(4) One patient in Ⅲ B stage (pT3N1 M0 stage) received gemcitabine + cisplatin chemotherapy and other patients didn't receive the adjuvant treatment.(5) All the patients were followed up for a median time of 16 months (range,4-32 months),without tumor recurrence and metastasis at Trocar puncture site.There were 25 patients with tumor-free survival and 5 patiens died of tumor recurrence.Conclusion Laparoscopic radical resection of gallbladder cancer is technically safe and feasible,with a satisfactory short-term outcome.

New scientific hypotheses detected by mining the potential indirect association inliterature according to the studies on literature-based knowledge discovery are increasinglyapplied in biomedical field and evaluation of literature-based indirect association discovery is a hot spot in recent studies on literature-based knowledge discovery . The role of network characteristics in evaluation of literature-based indirect association discovery during the litera-ture-based knowledge discovery was thus studied.The new indexes for evaluaing the literature-based indirect asso-ciation discovery were esatablished by integrating the co-ocurrent statistic information and the network charateris-tics, which are of greatimportance for improving literature-based knowledge discovery and constructing knowledge discovery system .

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of CT-guided localization with combination of methylene blue and a Hookwire system for small pulmonary nodules (SPNs) before video-assisted thoracoscopic resection.Methods CTguided localization the SPNs before resection in 56 patients and 60 nodules,then underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) resection.Among 56 patients,19 males and 37 females,aged from 35 to 81 years,mean age was (61.1 ±8.9)years.Results SPNs diameter (6.80 ±4.12) mm,distance from the parietal pleura (15.38 ±4.63) mm.CT-guided localization success rate was 100％,positioning time (10.76 ± 8.17) min,8.9％ (5/56) had micro pneumothorax aftet positioning,7.1％ (4/56) occurrence of needle tract bleeding,no conservative treatment.VATS resection rate was 100％.The pathology of 60 lesions were shown:Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma(BAC) were 33 lesions(55.0％),BAC and adenocarcinoma were 11 lesions(18.3％),Atypicaladenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) were 7 lesions (11.8％),Inflammation were 4 lesions (6.7％),Harmatoma were 3 lesions(5.0％),Tuberculoses were 2 lesions(3.3％).Conclusion CT-guided localization with combination of methylene blue and a Hookwire system before video-assisted thoracoscopic resection is a promising technique for small solitary pulmonary nodules.It could play an important role in accurate localization of small pulmonary nodules,and it is a safe technique with clinical application.

Objective To study the cytotoxicity against brain microvessel endothelial cells and blood compatibility in rats of OX26 conjugated endomorphin (EM) loaded hyperbranched polyglycerols-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(HBPG-PLGA) nanoparticles.Methods Prepared nanoparticles were divided into group B (HBPG-PLGA nanoparticles),group EP (EM-HBPG-PLGA nanoparticles) and group OEP (OX26-EM-HBPG-PLGA nanoparticles).The cytotoxicity against brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs) of nanoparticles of different groups were measured by MTT test,haemolysis test,normal haemotological parameter and several primary items of coagulation system were tested after nanoparticles of different groups and different dosages injection on rats.Results ①All the three groups of nanoparticles induced decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner in MTT test,whereas all groups of nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity against the BMECs during 30 to 600 μg/ml.②There was no significant difference in haemolysis ratio (P＞0.05) and normal haemotological parameter (P＞0.05).③There was no significant difference between the low dosage of all the three groups of nanoparticles and the control group on the function of coagulation system in rats (P＞0.05).④Compared with C group,high dose groups demonstrated longer prothrombin time (PT),activeated partial thromboplasting time (APTT) and lower fibrinogen (Fbg) (P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the low dose subgroups,PT and APTT were prolonged,Fbg significantly decreased in the high dose subgroups (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion OX26 coupled with EM-HBPG-PLGA nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity against BMECs and had no significant effect on the coagulation system in rats with low concentration and low dosage.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of locking plate fixation through lateral deltoid approach for proximal humeral fracture combined with micro-invasive percutaneous plating (MIPPO) technique.

METHODSFrom April 2009 to March 2012,26 patients with proximal humeral fractures were treated with proximal humeral locking system plate fixation through lateral deltoid approach, including 17 males and 9 females with an average age of 58 years old ranging from 28 to 76 years old. The time from injury to operation was 3 to 10 days (averaged 5.6 days). According to Neer typing for the proximal humeral fractures, 7 cases had 2 parts of fracture,15 had 3 parts of fracture,and 4 had 4 parts of fracture. The Neer score for shoulder function was evaluated.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 10 to 21 months (averaged 13.6 months). All patients were achieved bony union,the average healing time was 12.5 weeks (ranged from 10 to 21 weeks). No humeral head necrosis and axillary nerve injury occurred. According to Neer scoring system,the total score was 88.36 +/- 7.82, pain 30.82 +/- 3.24, function 23.76 +/- 5.71, activity 17.59 +/- 5.36, anatomical position 7.03 +/- 2.39; the result was excellent in 18 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 2 cases, poor in 1 case.

CONCLUSIONLateral deltoid approach combined with locking plate fixation for treatment of proximal humeral fracture has advantages of small invasion,less blood lossing, short operative time, stable fixation, high rate of fracture healing, and satisfactory functional recovery.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Plates ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Shoulder Fractures ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

The design principles of a noninvasive ventilator's turbine are studied and discussed in this paper. The design is completed from its several aspects and in combination of related theories, using SolidWorks tools. Abundant experimental results prove that this design's technical specifications meet all the requirements.
Equipment Design ; Respiration, Artificial ; instrumentation ; methods ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Objective To study the changes of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PC-PLD) enzyme activity of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in high glucose and the effect of PLD on cytoskeleton. Methods Rats GMCs were cultured in high glucose(30 mmol/L) for 48 hours. PLD enzyme activity was measured by enzyme coupled colorimetry. PKC activity was measured by substrate phosphorylation, and fluorescence intensity of F-actin was observed by FITC-labeled antibody and laser scan cofocal microscopy (LSCM) . Results In high glucose, PLD and PKC activities were obviously elevated, but fluorescence intensity of F-actin was decreased and its cytoskeletal pattern was disassembly. After treatment with inhibtor of PLD, PKC activity was significantly decreased, and intensity and organization of F-actin were recovered. Conclusion Elevation of PLD activity induced by high glucose may influence the cytoskeleton and contraction of CMC through PKC pathway.

?AIM: To explore the relation of homocysteine ( Hcy ) and its metabolic related indicators with primary angle-closure glaucoma ( PACG) .?METHODS: In this study, a total of 150 PACG patients and 150 controls were enrolled. The patients with PACG were diagnosed by applanation tonometer, Humphrey perimetry ( HVF ) , optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) , gonioscope. The normal controls were recruited from physical examination center. Blood samples were collected and the plasma was used to determine homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid. DNA was extracted to determine the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) C677TT genotype and gene polymorphism.?RESULTS:There was a statistically significant difference (t=2. 04,P=0. 04) in mean homocysteine levels between patients with PACG ( 16. 11 ± 1. 66μmol/L ) and controls (15. 74± 1. 52μmol/L). The level of vitamin B12 in PACG group was 248. 09 ± 119. 07pg/mL and the control group was 230. 21 ± 142. 93pg/mL. No statistically significant difference was found on the vitamin B12 level between the two groups ( t = 0. 84, P = 0. 40 ). The folic acid levels showed no statistically significant differences( t=1. 65,P=0.17) between the PACG group(12. 02±7. 81ng/mL) and the control group (13. 15 ± 6. 25ng/mL). The frequency distribution of the MTHFR C677T genotypes was found to be significantly associated (χ2 =6. 2,P<0. 05) with PCAG (CC 84. 7%, CT 4. 7%, TT 10. 7%) as compared to the controls (CC 94. 7%, CT 2. 0%, TT 3. 3%). The frequency distribution of TT genotypes of MTHFR C677T in the PACG group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Moreover, our findings showed significant difference (χ2=14. 2,P<0. 05) between the allele frequency of the C677T single nucleotide polymorphism within the MTHFR gene in POAG patients ( T 87. 0%, C 13. 0%) and the control group(T 95. 7%,C 4. 3%) .?CONCLUSION: These results show that the Hcy level and the TT genotypes of MTHFR C677T were higher in the PACG patients than in controls. Therefore, our data suggests that high Hcy level and the related indicators are associated with high PACG risk.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristic of committing suicide and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and crisis intervention.Method A descriptive epidemiological method was employed to analyze the data of 153 individuals of committing suicide successfully saved by doctors of Emergency Department of Gongli Hospital,Pudong New Area,Shanghai.Results Female suicide committers were predominent over male ones,in the ratio 4.6 to 1.Most of the suicide committers were adolescents who had only received junior high school education.The major social support system of the suicide attempters was family support.The majority,of the suicide committers tried to kill themselves by drug ingestion such as hypnotice, sedatives and pesticides,and most of them haven't resorted to psychological counseling.Conclusions It is necessary to pay more attention to the psychological education of adolescents,and popularize the knowledge of psychological counseling in rural areas where are lack of psychological sense among pelple.Emergency department of general hospital which saves suicide committers is playing an important role in suicide prevention and crisis intervention.