Stray light is a physical phenomenon that degrades visual quality when light scattering occurs in the human eye.It is a main cause of the disabling glare.Stray light originates in cornea,iris,sclera,lens and retina,and these ocular tissues contribute to the total amount of stray light in a normal eye.The light scattering intensity increases when the transparency of any optical element mentioned above reduces.Stray light can be measured by several different methods,but the measurements still lacks a standardized procedure and outcome.Further clinical study is necessary to quantify and standardize the measuring method of stray light.This article aims to introduce the concept,source and clinical significance of stray light,and to provide its advanced measurement techniques and methods.

Objective: To observe the changes of SHIP, caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-9 and bcl-2 gene expression levels in K562 cells after mesylate imatinib (MI) treatment and explore the possible mechanism for apoptosis-inducing effects of imatinib. Methods: K562 cells were cultured with MI at different concentrations. The cells were collected at different time points. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of SHIP gene. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to detect the mRNA transcription of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic genes caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-9. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/PI double staining flow cytometry. Results: MI significantly increased the expression of SHIP gene in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Caspase-9 gene was also up-regulated after MI treatment and had linear correlation with SHIP gene expression. The expression levels of caspase-1, caspase-3 and bcl-2 had no significant changes. MI down-regulated the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of K562 cells. The morphological changes of typical of apoptosis were observed. Conclusion: MI significantly increases the expressions of SHIP gene and caspase-9 gene and induces apoptosis of K562 cells. The mechanism for the apoptosis-inducing effects of imatinib may be associated with the up-regulation of SHIP and caspase-9 gene.

Objective: To investigate the expressions of EphrinB2 and its receptor EphB4, microvessel density (MVD), and Ki-67 in human brain astrocytomas and explore their pathological significance. Methods: Expressions of EphB4/EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 were detected by tissue microarray and Maxvision shortcut immunohistochemical staining in 84 cases of human astrocytomas and 12 cases of traumatic brain tissues. Results: The difference was significant in expressions of EphB4/ EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) between human astrocytomas and controlled human traumatic brain tissues (P < 0.05). Expression of EphB4/EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 LI had positive cooelation with tumor grade. Ki-67 LI and MVD positively correlated with expressions of EphB4 or EphrinB2 protein (P <0. 05). Conclusion: There is a close correlation between expression of EphB4/ EphrinB2 and differentiation degree, tumor angiogenesis in human brain astrocytoma. The over-expressions of EphB4 and EphrinB2 play an important role in promoting tumor development and angiogenesis. EphB4/ EphrinB2, MVD, and Ki-67 are fine reference parameters to estimate malignancy degree and pathologic features of human brain astrocytomas.

Objective: To discuss our experience in perioperative treatment of elderly patients (≥ 70 years old) with esophageal carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data from 155 patients with esophageal carcinoma over 70 years old were analyzed retrospectively, who received perioperative therapy from Jan 1990 to Jun 2005. The site of esophagogastric anastomosis was below aortic arch in 95 cases, above aortic arch in 27 cases, and at neck in 12 cases after resection via left thoracophrenolaparotomy. Twelve patients underwent resection through right thoracotomy with laparotomy and cervicotomy followed by cervical esophagogastric anastomosis. The exploratory operation was just performed in 9 patients. Results: There were 11 patients with postoperative complications and the occurrence rate of postoperative complication was 7.10%. Two patients died at early stage and the death rate was 1.29%. The 1- and 3- year survival rates were 40.5% and 25.5%, respectively. Conclusion: If the indications are mastered appropriately, the short-terni and long-term outcomes of extended esophagectomy on elderly patients are almost similar with that of conventional esophagectomy.

With the improvement of the instrument and technic, the gastrofiberoscope has been used not only in diagnostic purpose but in therapeutic purpose. One purpose of the therapeutic methods is to remove the gastric foreign bodies. So many type and shape of forceps and baakets have been usad. for the same purpose. ifn these easea, we uaed biopsy farcep and snare to remove swallowed toothbrushes, three casea in the stomaeh and one cuse in the duodenurn.
Biopsy ; Foreign Bodies ; SNARE Proteins ; Surgical Instruments

Incidence of simple localized esophageal ulcer has been infrequent, but recently, clinical report of the disease has increased with remarkable improvement of diagnostic instrument and handling of endoscopy. Nine patients of simple localized esophageal ulcer with abrupt onset of symptoms and rapidhealing process were clinically studied and observed with the other literatures on the basis af age, sex, site, symptoms, causes, endoscopic findings, microscopic findings, and healing pracess. The results were followed. 1) The eiophageal ulcer revealed variable size and shape and generally localized middle third of esophagus. 2) History of therapeutic drug medication auch as capaule or/and tablet was noted mostly. 3) The symptoms were disappeared with general measures and ulcer lesions were comyletely healed without scar or stricture rapidly.
Cicatrix ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Endoscopy ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ulcer*

The authers had diagnosed and treated 560 upper gastrointestinal polys by endoscopy on 479 patients who had visited to the gastraeaterologic department of Hae Wha hoapital, Medical College of Korea University from January, l980 to June, l991. The results were as follows; 1) The incidence of upper gastrointestinal polyps among 52,031 endoscopy cases was 0.92% with no sexual difference and increased after 5th. decade. 2) The moet prevalent location of upper gastrointestinal polypes was stomach(90.0%), among which antrum occupied 52.9%. 3) The main symptoms of patients with upper gastrointestinal polyp were epigastric pain(77.7%), indigestion(57.0%) and acid belching(26.5%). 4) Histopathologic examination of 504 polyps in stomach revealed that 411(81.5%) were hyperplastic polyp and 80(15.9%) were adenomatous polyp. In duodenum, 35(68.6%) polyps were hyperplastic and 7(l3.7%) were adenomatous. All of 5 esophageal polyps were hyperplastic.
Adenomatous Polyps ; Duodenum ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Polyps* ; Stomach

Treatment modalities of gastric variceal bleeding are endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, endoscopic variceal ligation, combined above two method, operation, TIPS, and percutaneous transhepatic embolization. Recently, Histoacryl was introduced as a new sclerosant of acute variceal bleeding failed by others. So, we studied 18 cases of acute gastric variceal bleeding uncontrolled by EIS using Ethanolamine oleate. Intravariceal injection of Histoacryl is considered as a safe and effective method for hemostasis of intractable acute gastric variceal bleeding uncontrolled by other sclerosants. But, it is important that endoscopist should be in harmony with assistant at injection of Histoacryl. And its shooting speed should be fast because of clogging within the catheter. It is necessary to do long term study for evaluation of eradication effect in acute gastric variceal bleeding.
Catheters ; Cyanoacrylates ; Enbucrilate ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices* ; Ethanolamine* ; Hemostasis ; Ligation ; Oleic Acid* ; Sclerosing Solutions ; Sclerotherapy*

Objective To investigate the effects of different analgesia protocols on immune function in patients undergoing surgery for ovarian neoplasms after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Methods Forty ovarian neoplasms patients ageing from 31 to 62 years undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy were randomly divided into 2groups:epidural analgesia group (group E,n =20) and intravenous analgesia group (group Ⅰ,n =20).All patients underwent surgery under total intravenous general anesthesia.Patients in group E were given 2 mg morphine in epidural space at half an hour before abdomen was closed,then epidural analgesia pump was installed,with ropivacaine composite morphine in the pump.Analgesia time was 48 h.Patients in group Ⅰ were given sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg intravenously at half an hour before abdomen was closed,then analgesia pump was installed,with sufentanil compound flurbiprofen ester in the pump.Analgesia time was 48 h.The cervical venous blood samples were obtained from the patients at 30 min before surgery(T0),immediately(T1),12 h(T2),24 h(T3) and 48 h (T4) after the end of operation for determination of the expression of CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 + on T cells and natural killer cell.Visual analogue scales (VAS)and adverse reaction at T2-4 were recorded.Results No statistical difference was found between group E and group Ⅰ in VAS and adverse reaction.Compared with T0,CD3 +,CD4 + T-lymphocytes,CD4 +/CD8 +,and NK cell decreased.Compared with group E,CD8 + increased at T1-2in both groups and at T3-4 in group Ⅰ.CD3 +,CD4+ T-lymphocytes,CD4+/CD8 + and NK cell decreased while CD8 + increased at T2-4 in group Ⅰ.Conclusion Epidural analgesia may be better to promote the immunologic function of ovarian neoplasms patients undergoing surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Objective By contrasting and analyzing the clinic manifestations, radiological features and pathological results of patients with bone invasion from skin of the lower limbs that were associated with malignancy, authors advanced X-ray diagnostic evidence to promote its diagnostic accuracy. Methods The radiological appearances of squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic ulcers, sinus and scars of the lower limbs in 16 patients from February 1968 to April 2002 confirmed by pathology, were analyzed retrospectively. All cases were taken posterior-anterior and lateral radiograph before operation. There were 15 males and 1 females aging from 15 to 67 years (mean, 50.4 years). The lesion was located at the front of tibia in 15, and the middle inferior part of femur. The medical history of primary diseases varied from 1 to over 50 years with an average of 20 years and 3 months. Of 16 cases, the duration of 8 cases from a sudden change of state of an illness to the final diagnosis was 4 to 6 months, 4 cases above 1 year, and 4 cases were found with no any change of state of an illness. Results There were 14 cases observed as typical chronic osteomyelitis, which demonstrated peripheral osteolytic defect, 13 cases with osteolytic destruction spreading outwards from front of tibia, and 1 case with widespread osteolytic destruction in the middle and inferior part of femur. Floating-ice-like rudimental bone in the defect was found in 11 cases, and 4 case were observed with old fracture. 2 cases without obvious history of typical chronic osteomyelitis, 1 case with soft tissue trauma and 1 case of burn, showed small Saucer-like erosion of the cortex and huge lobar soft tissue masses. Moreover, patchy shadow and Codman's triangle were found in 1 case of burn. Furthermore, lobar soft tissue masses and huge ulcer accord with osteolytic destruction was observed in all cases, and soft tissue masses were larger than the area of bony destruction in 6 cases. Conclusion Roentgenogram could display shape, location and extension of bone invasion from skin of the lower limbs that were associated with malignancy, which contribute to diagnose the lesion and provide useful evidence for surgical plan.