The cystic hypersecretory duct carcinoma of the breast was first described in 1984 by Rosen and Scott and warrants separate discussion because of its unusual pathological features. It is morphologically distinguishable from juvenile (secretory) carcinoma and from mucinous (colloid) carcinoma or mucocele-like tumor. We present a case report of intraductal cystic hypersecretory carcinoma of the breast with hormone receptor and oncogene study. The histologic differential diagnosis, with an emphasis on benign lesions that may have a predominant cystic component, is also discussed.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Mucins ; Oncogenes

This study was undertaken to examine relationship between tooth size and arch dimension in dental crowding. Two groups of dental casts were selected on the basis of dental crowding. One group, consisting of 51 pairs of dental casts (24 male and 27 female), exhibited remarkable dental crowding. A second group, consisting of 60 pairs of dental casts (30 male and 30 female), exhibited little or no crowding. Mean and standard deviation of the following parameters were used to compare two groups: individual and collective mesiodistal tooth diameters, buccal and lingual arch widths and arch area. The following results were obtained. 1. The crowed group revealed larger tooth size than non crowd group. (p<0.01) 2. The crowded group smaller maxillary dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingual arch width at canine region. (p<0.01) 3. The crowded group revealed smaller mandibular dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingal arch width at second premolar region in the male and buccal arch width at canine, premolar region in the female. (p<0.01) 4. The crowded group revealed smaller arch area than noncrowded group in the female (p<0.01), but there was no significance in the male.
Bicuspid ; Crows ; Dental Arch ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Tooth*

No abstract available.
Family Practice* ; Humans

Currently improving results of hypospadias repair depend on careful application of surgical principles. Optical magnification. microsurgical instruments, fine suture materials, less reactive tubes and bio-occlusive dressings have been used to decrease postoperative complications requiring secondary surgery. We evaluated the effectiveness of microscopic surgery which was performed in 28 children with hypospadias from December, 1991 to June, 1994. Nine patients underwent hypospadias repair before 2 years-old whereas 19 patients after 2 years-old, whose success rate was 78% and 63% respectively. One-stage repair was performed in 19 patients and two-stage repairs in 9 patients, whose success rate was 69% and 67% each other. In chronological review, success rate was 50%, 29%, 77% and 100% in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994 respectively, which showed a rapidly increasing success rate. According to dressings and catheters, excellent results were obtained when we used Duodenum dressings and silastic Foley catheters, of which each complication rate was 7% and 0% respectively. In 9 patients(32 %), we experienced 20 surgical complications which included urethrocutaneous fistula (9), meatal stenosis(4) stricture(2) and others(5). The success rate of fistula repair was 61% in initial, 40% in secondary and 33% in tertiary repair. From these data, we think that the use of operating microscope with microsurgical principles and proper postoperative managements can improve success rate of hypospadias repair.
Bandages ; Catheters ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenum ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Hypospadias* ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; Sutures

The computerized image analysis is a useful tool for the quantitative assessment of histopathologic findings. In contrast to the usual microscopic examination by pathologists, the computerization should be accompanied with the standardization process of the image. We developed an algorithm to standardize images and to determine the optimal gray level threshold, using a myocardial fibrosis model. Sirius red staining was more convenient for the image analysis than Masson's trichrome staining because of a better contrast with the surrounding structures. To get an optimal measurement, light intensity was standardized at each of the fibrosis, myocardium and background. In this study, the most promising method to determine the degree of fibrosis was that of revising the background without tissue to a gray level of 200, obtaining a green component of the color image, revising the myocardial fiber to 163, and defining a partial ratio as fibrosis index when the gray level threshold was 120. These threshold levels and parameters were determined after drawing the binarization index curves according to the change of the gray level threshold and by the morphological examination of the actual binarization figures overlaid to the original color image. Through these processes we could get a consistent result on the myocardial fibrosis and we expect a similar principle applies when we analyze color images in the histopathologic quantitation by computerized image analysis.
Fibrosis* ; Myocardium

Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is an uncommon, benign, solitary intradermal or subcutaneous tumor. It occurs typically in the axillary or shoulder region. The histopathologic examination of affected lesion shows the characteristic elements: dense fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, and primitive mesenchymal tissues. A 15 month-old girl had the multiple, asymptomatic, discrete, and skin-colored tumors that scattered on the scalp. These were present at birth. We report a rare case of FHI occurred on the scalp with multiple and congenital characteristics.
Adipose Tissue ; Female ; Hamartoma* ; Humans ; Parturition ; Scalp ; Shoulder

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Salivary Glands*

Purpose: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia, evaluate the outcomes of augmented medial rectus muscle recession, and propose indicators for determining the appropriate surgical dosage. Methods: Data of patients with acute acquired esotropia who underwent medial rectus recession between 2016 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The amount of medial rectus muscle recession was 1-2 mm greater than for other types of esotropia. Surgical success was assessed by reference to the angle of deviation and diplopia status 6 months after surgery. We investigated the amount of additional recession required for favorable surgical outcomes, the characteristics of groups that required augmentation, and changes in surgical amount according to the deviation angle. Results: A total of 38 patients were included; the average refractive error was -3.79 ± 3.11 diopters (D). Patient age at the time of surgery was 25.6 ± 18.2 years and the preoperative deviation angle was 38.1 ± 11.5 prism diopters (PD). The amount of medial rectus muscle recession was 6.25 ± 1.4 mm, i.e., 1.2 ± 1.0 mm greater than during other surgeries. The average augmentation was 24.1 ± 18.8%. The motor surgical success rate was 92.1% and the sensory success rate was 97.4%. The required augmentation was 26.9% for those with angles of deviation < 30 PD, 25.5% for patients with angles between 30 and 40 PD, and 20.0% for those with angles > 40 PD. Patients who required augmentation > 25% were older, and the surgical effect was greater as the angle of deviation increased. Conclusions To ensure successful surgical outcomes of patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia, it is essential to increase the amount of medial rectus recession compared to that during other surgeries; the average augmentation was 24% in this study.

Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve, commonly occurs in young adults and often associated with demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These conditions frequently exhibit recurrent and progressive inflammatory episodes, significantly impacting prognosis. Differentiating these diseases is crucial because of their distinct clinical presentations, treatment responses, and outcomes. Recent advancements in biomarkers, such as aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies, have enhanced diagnostic precision.Current Concepts: The introduction of AQP4 and MOG-immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody testing has revolutionized diagnostic approaches for optic neuritis. AQP4-IgG is a highly specific marker for NMOSD, facilitating early diagnosis, essential for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. MOG-IgG has been identified as a distinct marker for MOGAD, differentiating it from MS and NMOSD. These biomarkers aid in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying optic neuritis and in tailoring individualized treatment strategies.Discussion and Conclusion: The use of AQP4 and MOG-IgG antibodies represents a significant leap forward in managing optic neuritis. These biomarkers not only assist in accurate diagnosis but also provide insights into disease prognosis and therapeutic responses. Future studies should focus on the detailed clinical and pathological characteristics associated with these biomarkers to refine treatment protocols further and enhance patient care. Continued advancements in biomarker research hold promise for the development of new therapeutic avenues and the potential for improved long-term outcomes in patients with optic neuritis.