Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a component of the thioredoxin system, including thioredoxin (Trx) and NADPH, catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to Trx, acts as a reductant of disulfide-containing proteins and participates in the defense system against oxidative stresses. In this study, the regulation pattern of TrxR in the presence of various stressful reagents was compared between Chang (human normal hepatic cell) and HepG2 (human hepatoma cell) cell lines. Aluminum chloride (0.5 mM) and zinc chloride (0.5 mM) enhanced the TrxR activity in the Chang cell line to a higher degree than in the HepG2 cell line, but cupric chloride (0.2 mM) and cadmium chloride (0.1 mM) enhanced the TrxR activity in the HepG2 cell line to a greater degree. The TrxR activities in both Chang and HepG2 cell lines were similarly induced by treatment with sodium selenite (0.02 mM) and menadione (0.5 and 1.0 mM). Lipopolysaccharide (2microgram/m1) increased the TrxR activity upto 4.02- and 2.2-fold in the Chang and HepG2 cell lines, respectively, in time-dependent manners. Hydrogen peroxide (5 mM) markedly enhanced the TrxR activity in the HepG2 cell line, but not in the Chang cell line. NO-generating sodium nitroprusside (3.0 and 6.0 mM) induced TrxR activities in both human liver cell lines. The TrxR activity was also induced in human liver cells under limited growth conditions by serum deprivation. These results imply that the TrxR activities in normal hepatic and hepatoma cell lines are subject to different regulatory responses to various stresses.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Comparative Study ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*enzymology ; Human ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH) /*metabolism

V. vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium which causes septicemia and shock in susceptible patients. The organism produces a hemolytic cytolysin (VvH), which has a membrane damaging effect on erythrocytes. To clarify the mechanisms by which VvH might contribute to virulence, we examined its effect on macrophages. When mouse peritoneal macrophages were harvested and co-cultured with hemolysin-positive V. vulnificus strains (100 bacteria/ cell), about 60% of the macrophages were killed; macrophages were not killed when co-cultured V. vulnificus strain CVD 707, a VvH-negative deletion mutant. Exposure of macrophages to filtered culture supernatants (2.5 HU/ml) and purified VvH (3 HU/ml) resulted in an increase in dead cells (80 and 90%, respectively), as determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion method and LDH release from macrophages was also increased (70 and 65.5%, respectively). The cytotoxic effect of VvH on macrophages was both the dose- and time-dependent. The VvH caused damage to the macrophage membrane and was blocked significantly by preincubation with cholesterol (p<0.01). Fetal bovine serum showed remarkable inhibition of VvH synthesis by V. vulnificus and inhibited VvH activity in culture supernatant. Cell viability was increased by 35% (p<0.01) and LDH release decreased by 28% (P<0.01) when macrophages were incubated with V. vulnificus (100 bacteria/ cell) in DMEM-10% FBS for 2 hr. Bacterial clearance activity of mice against V. vulnificus CVD 707 was decreased by pretreatment with 10 HU of VvH. This result suggests that the VvH can impair the membrane of macrophages and may play a role in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus septicemia.
Animals ; Cell Survival ; Cholesterol ; Erythrocytes ; Humans ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Peritoneal* ; Membranes ; Mice* ; Perforin ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Trypan Blue ; Vibrio vulnificus* ; Vibrio* ; Virulence

A total of 35 patients with velopharyngeal incompetence were treated by surgical correction from 1995 to 2001. Twenty-six patients underwent lateral port control superior based pharyngeal flap and 9 patients underwent sphincteric pharyngoplasty. Speech analysis and fluorolaryngo-graphy was performed preoperatively and postoperatively. The nasality of open vowel, round vowel and sentence and articulation accuracy in 26 patients who underwent the pharyngeal flap improved from 37.7+/-10.71%, 49.1+/-9.54%, 50.1+/-9.03% and 68.9+/-10.11% preoperatively to 20.4+/-9.77%, 25.4+/-10.11%, 38.5+/-9.34% and 80.1+/-6.47% postoperatively, and hypernasality and articulation accuracy improved significantly (p<0.05). In case of 9 patients who underwent sphincteric pharyngoplasty, results were from 41.2+/-11.27%, 42.4+/-17.04%, 53.8+/-7.63% and 72.3+/-10.87% preoperatively to 20.7+/-8.27%, 20.8+/-14.34%, 29.7+/- 11.47% and 80.7+/-12.47% postoperatively, and hypernasality improved significantly (p<0.05). As far as postoperative fluorolaryngography is concerned, the velopharyngeal space was closed in patients with postoperative normal range of nasality. In conclusion, these results suggest that patients with velopharyngeal incompetence will improve speech dysfunction effectively if is chosen appropriately either superior based pharyngeal flap or sphincteric pharyngoplasty.
Humans ; Reference Values ; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a multi agent obesity control program in obese school children. This program was composed of strategies to modify diet and exercise habits and to change cognitive behavior variables(stress, coping, and self-efficacy). METHOD: The subjects were 40 obese school children who participated in our project voluntarily via homepage, TV, newspaper, public paper and school official documents. The program was implemented daily for 4 sessions per day for ten days from August 16 to 26, 2004. The daily program consisted of exercise therapy, dance therapy, cognitive behavior therapy and aroma therapy. The data was analyzed by paired t-test using the SPSSWIN program. RESULT: There was a significant decrease in children's waist-hip ratio (p=.04) and in children's stress (p=.00) after the program. There was a significant increase in children's self-confidence after the program(p=.02) and a significant decrease in children's diet habit after the program(p=.02). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that a multiagent obese control program is effective in changing waist-hip ratio, stress, self-confidence, and diet habits in obese school children.
Child ; Child Behavior ; Diet, Reducing ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Obesity/psychology/*therapy ; *Program Evaluation ; Schools ; Self Efficacy ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; Weight Loss

Use of adenoviruses as vehicle for gene therapy requires that target cells express appropriate receptors such as coxsakievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). We show here that CAR-deficiency in cancer cells, that limits adenoviral gene delivery, can be overcome by using adenovirus complexed with the liposome, Ad-PEGPE [1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly-ethylene glycol)-2000]. We first confirmed that CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells are deficient in CAR by RT-PCR, and then showed that CT-26 cells infected with Ad-GFP/PEGPE exhibited highly enhanced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), compared with those infected with Ad-GFP. GFP expression depends on the dose of liposome and adenovirus. Luciferase expression in livers treated with Ad-luc/PEGPE was about 1,000-fold less than those infected with Ad-luc. In a liver metastasis mouse tumor model developed by intrasplenic injection of CT-26 cells, luciferase expression following i.v. injection of Ad-luc/PEGPE was significantly higher in tumors than in adjacent non-neoplastic liver. Following systemic administration of Ad-GFP/PEGPE, GFP expression increased in tumors more than in adjacent liver while the reverse was true following administration of Ad-GFP. In the latter case, GFP expression was higher in liver than in tumors. This study demonstrates that systemic delivery of PEGPE-adenovirus complex is an effective tool of adenoviral delivery as it overcomes limitation due to CAR deficiency of target cells while reducing hepatic uptake and enhancing adenoviral gene expression in tumors.
*Adenoviridae/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology/*therapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gene Therapy ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Liposomes/administration & dosage/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Transgenic ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Phosphatidylethanolamines/administration & dosage ; Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency/genetics ; Receptors, Virus/deficiency/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics ; Tumor Cells, Cultured