Distraction osteogenesis is a well-estabilished procedure of membraneous bone formation and has been used to correct craniofacial deformities in dentofacial orthopedic-surgery area for decades. In this article, distraction osteogenesis is used for treatment of facial asymmetry. The patient underwent procedures to lengthen the mandibular ramus and body. After distraction, orthodontic treatment was done for occlusal settling.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Facial Asymmetry* ; Humans ; Osteogenesis ; Osteogenesis, Distraction*

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that induction of general anesthesia using sevoflurane improves the accuracy of non-invasive hemoglobin (SpHb) measurement of Masimo Radical-7(R) Pulse CO-Oximetry by inducing peripheral vasodilation and increasing the perfusion index (PI). The aim of this study is to investigate the change in the SpHb and the PI measured by Rad7 during induction of general anesthesia using sevoflurane. METHODS: The laboratory hemoglobin (Hb(lab)) was measured before surgery by venous blood sampling. The SpHb and the PI was measured twice; before and after the induction of general anesthesia using sevoflurane. The changes of SpHb, Hb(bias) (Hb(bias) = SpHb - Hb(lab)), and PI before and after the induction of general anesthesia were analyzed using a paired t-test. Also, a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the Hb(bias) and the PI. RESULTS: The SpHb and the PI were increased after the induction of general anesthesia using sevoflurane. There was a statistically significant change in the Hb(bias) from -2.8 to -0.7 after the induction of general anesthesia. However, the limit of agreement (2 SD) of the Hb(bias) did not change after the induction of general anesthesia. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the Hb(bias) and the PI was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: During induction of general anesthesia using sevoflurane, the accuracy of SpHb measurement was improved and precision was not changed. The correlation between Hb(bias) and PI was not significant.
Anesthesia, General* ; Perfusion* ; Vasodilation

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a systematic and standardized「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」that can identify the current status of school meals on the nationwide level. METHODS: This study was carried out in six steps of the analysis of report/investigation data related to school foodservice in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analysis of preceding research related to the actual status of school foodservice, field verification of the actual condition of the school foodservice site, development of a draft of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, pilot study of a draft of 「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, and suggestions of a final model of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」from August to December, 2017. Statistical analysis was performed for frequency analysis and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program ver. 23. RESULTS: A draft of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」was developed by analyzing the current status of report/research data on school meals in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analyzing the preceding research on school meals, and identifying the actual conditions at school foodservice sites. To verify the validity of the school foodservice survey questionnaire, 1,031 schools were sampled from a total of 10,251 schools and the pilot test of ‘2017 School Foodservice Survey’ was conducted. The final model of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」consisted of 12 survey sections, 29 survey categories, and 433 survey items, and the survey cycle was set for one year and three years for each survey item. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the objective statistical data through「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, it is possible to develop the school foodservice policy, which will help establish the reliability of the school meals.
Education ; Humans ; Meals ; Pilot Projects

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a systematic and standardized「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」that can identify the current status of school meals on the nationwide level. METHODS: This study was carried out in six steps of the analysis of report/investigation data related to school foodservice in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analysis of preceding research related to the actual status of school foodservice, field verification of the actual condition of the school foodservice site, development of a draft of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, pilot study of a draft of 「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, and suggestions of a final model of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」from August to December, 2017. Statistical analysis was performed for frequency analysis and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program ver. 23. RESULTS: A draft of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」was developed by analyzing the current status of report/research data on school meals in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analyzing the preceding research on school meals, and identifying the actual conditions at school foodservice sites. To verify the validity of the school foodservice survey questionnaire, 1,031 schools were sampled from a total of 10,251 schools and the pilot test of ‘2017 School Foodservice Survey’ was conducted. The final model of「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」consisted of 12 survey sections, 29 survey categories, and 433 survey items, and the survey cycle was set for one year and three years for each survey item. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the objective statistical data through「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」, it is possible to develop the school foodservice policy, which will help establish the reliability of the school meals.
Education ; Humans ; Meals ; Pilot Projects

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia consists of motor abnormality, sensory abnormality, and psychologic abnormality. Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic disorders are well known psychopathologies that lead to dyspepsia, and stress seems to be an additional etiology. The aim of this study is to assess whether stress can cause and/or provoke dyspepsia. METHODS: Functional dyspepsia was defined and classified by Rome criteria. SCL-90-R for the detection of psychopathology, measurement of life stress scale by self-administered questionnaire, and measurement of stress coping mechanisms using a multidimensional stress coping scale test were performed in 79 functional dyspeptic patients and 25 normal controls. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the total amount of stress between functional dyspeptic patients and the normal control. However, the patients were more stressful about issues relating to health and marital relationship among stresses in individual daily life. As the patients become more stressful, they used more negative coping mechanisms such as restraint, fatalism, criticism, religiousness, and negativism. These seem to provoke several psychopathologies including interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility. However, there was no relationship in the amount of stress, the stress coping mechanism, and psychopathology among the dyspeptic symptoms and subgroups of functional dyspepsia. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the total amount of stress between functional dyspeptic patients and the normal control. In some individuals who utilize inadequate coping mechanisms against stress, the stress can provoke dyspepsia.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Dyspepsia* ; Hostility ; Humans ; Marriage ; Negativism ; Psychopathology ; Psychophysiologic Disorders ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia consists of motor abnormality, sensory abnormality, and psychologic abnormality. Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic disorders are well known psychopathologies that lead to dyspepsia, and stress seems to be an additional etiology. The aim of this study is to assess whether stress can cause and/or provoke dyspepsia. METHODS: Functional dyspepsia was defined and classified by Rome criteria. SCL-90-R for the detection of psychopathology, measurement of life stress scale by self-administered questionnaire, and measurement of stress coping mechanisms using a multidimensional stress coping scale test were performed in 79 functional dyspeptic patients and 25 normal controls. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the total amount of stress between functional dyspeptic patients and the normal control. However, the patients were more stressful about issues relating to health and marital relationship among stresses in individual daily life. As the patients become more stressful, they used more negative coping mechanisms such as restraint, fatalism, criticism, religiousness, and negativism. These seem to provoke several psychopathologies including interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility. However, there was no relationship in the amount of stress, the stress coping mechanism, and psychopathology among the dyspeptic symptoms and subgroups of functional dyspepsia. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the total amount of stress between functional dyspeptic patients and the normal control. In some individuals who utilize inadequate coping mechanisms against stress, the stress can provoke dyspepsia.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Dyspepsia* ; Hostility ; Humans ; Marriage ; Negativism ; Psychopathology ; Psychophysiologic Disorders ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: Dysphagia is a common clinical condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing. It is sub-classified into oropharyngeal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the mouth and pharynx, and esophageal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the esophageal body and esophagogastric junction. Dysphagia can have a significant negative impact one’s physical health and quality of life as its severity increases. Therefore, proper assessment and management of dysphagia are critical for improving swallowing function and preventing complications. Thus a guideline was developed to provide evidence-based recommendations for assessment and management in patients with dysphagia. Methods: Nineteen key questions on dysphagia were developed. These questions dealt with various aspects of problems related to dysphagia, including assessment, management, and complications. A literature search for relevant articles was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and one domestic database of KoreaMed, until April 2021. The level of evidence and recommendation grade were established according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results: Early screening and assessment of videofluoroscopic swallowing were recommended for assessing the presence of dysphagia. Therapeutic methods, such as tongue and pharyngeal muscle strengthening exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation with swallowing therapy, were effective in improving swallowing function and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. Nutritional intervention and an oral care program were also recommended. Conclusion This guideline presents recommendations for the assessment and management of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, including rehabilitative strategies.