BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify the contaminants of saline and classify microorganisms of saline used in surgical procedures so that an appropriate timing and method of saline exchange could be considered. Forty surgeries performed by a single surgeon at a 1,500-bed hospital were investigated. METHODS: Samples of 50 mL from the saline used in each operation were collected at each of three stages of the surgical procedure: pre-skin incision, post-specimen incision and skin suture, and the microorganisms of these samples were classified. RESULTS: The most frequently isolated microorganisms from saline after the exposure to air were coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci and non-enterococci. In case of exchanged saline used in surgical procedures, the numbers of coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci, Alcaligenes species were decreased than those of unexchanged saline, but Enterococcus, Escherichia coli. Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella species and Pasteurella multocida appeared. Sampling demonstrated that saline used in biliary tract surgery had Enterococcus, Alcaligenes species, E. coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella species and Pasteurella multocida, but saline used in gastrectomy and mastectomy had coagulase-negative staphylococcus and micrococcus. CONCLUSIONS: The important risk factor for tile contamination of saline used in surgery is not the airborne bacteria of the operating room but contaminated operative tissues. This microbiological study has shown that saline may carry considerable loads of pathogenic organisms. To reduce the possibilities of contamination of saline used to surgery, therefore, both the timing and method of saline exchange should be reconsidered, especially for prolonged surgical procedures and clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty/infected operations.
Alcaligenes ; Bacteria ; Biliary Tract ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus ; Escherichia coli ; Gastrectomy ; Klebsiella ; Mastectomy ; Micrococcus ; Operating Rooms ; Pasteurella multocida ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Staphylococcus ; Sutures

No Abstracts Available.
Asthma* ; Early Intervention (Education)*

This study was designed to investigate the relationship among variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise on female urinary incontinence. A total of 50 women, recruited from Incheon area through a newsletter advertisement, were assigned to 3 groups : 13 to the control group, 19 to the bladder training group and 18 to the Kegel (pelvic muscle) exercise group. Treatment protocol lasted for 8 weeks, and study measurements were taken at the beginning, 5 week and 9 week of treatment. Peak pressure, average pressure and duration time of pelvic muscle contraction were evaluated by a perineometer ; urinary incontinence scores by the urinary incontinence scale ; amount of leaked urine and ratio (the amount leaked urine/single urinary volume after a pad test) by a 30-minutes pad test ; frequency of micturition, nocturia and single urinary volume through a urinary diary. Measurements of baseline, 5 week and 9 week were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. In conclusion, the important variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise for 4 weeks are peak pressure, average pressure, duration, leaked urine amount, ratio, frequency of micturition and single urinary volume. The important variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise for 8 weeks are duration, leaked urine amount, ratio, frequency of micturition, frequency of nocturia and single urinary volume.
Clinical Protocols ; Female* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Muscle Contraction ; Nocturia ; Periodicals as Topic ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Urination

BACKGROUND: Murine IL-2-induced lymphokine-activated killers can be divided into two mutually exclusive subset:NK1.1'CD8 and NK1.1 CD8+. However, there is a strong evidence that NK cell may belong to T cell lineage. Recently novel lymphocyte subsets, present in the adult murine thymus, CD3+NK1.1'TCRap(TNK) cell is readily identifiable in fresh obtained murine adult CD4 CD8 thymocytes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We sorted out CD4 and CD8 (double negative.' DN) cells and CD8+ cells from murine spleen and cultivated these cells with IL-2. And the surface B220, CD8, NK1. 1 and cytopasmic NK1.1 was analysed simultaneously to see whether these cells can be switched to the other subtype of cells. RESULT: Purified DN cells were switched to several subtype of cells'. CD8'B220+(LAK cells), NK1.1'B220+(LAK cells), CD8 B220, cytoplasmic NK1.1+B220 cells. Purified CD8 cells were switched to CD8+B220' LAK cells and cytoplasmic NK1.1+ CD8+ B220+ and cytoplasmic NK1.1' CD8 B220 cells. In addition, the CD8' cells originated from DN cells do not express the cytoplasmic NK1.1 in contrary to the sorted CD8 cells. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that these will be useful models to investigating CD8 precursor potentials in populations of CD4 CD8 (doble negative) cells and relationship of NK1.1 These results also supports the hypothesis that T cells and NK cells have same ontogeny and CD8 effector functions are potentially diverse and could be exploited by various conditions that switch off host protected cytolytic response. These model offer a way to study the molecular regulation of CD8 gene expression.
Adult ; Cell Lineage ; Cytoplasm ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Interleukin-2* ; Interleukins* ; Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; Spleen ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymocytes ; Thymus Gland

The goal of therapy of epileptic children is to control of seizures with minimal side effects of antiepileptic drug (AED). The relationship between side effects, serum levels and doses of AED were examined prospectively in 72 epileptic children who received monotherapy with phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate, or carbamazepine for 6 to 26 months. Our results were as follows: 1) Side effects were observed in 59.7% of all patients; in decreasing order, behavioral (41.6%)>digestive (25.0%)>others (22.2%)>neurologic (11.1%). 2) The most common side effects in children treated with phenobarbital (PB) was behavioral (54.2%); these included hyperactivity, drowsiness, sleeping in decreasing order and there was significant relationship between drowsiness and serum level of PB(P<0.05). 3) Common side effects in patients receing carbamazepine (CBZ) were behavioral (52.0%) and digestive (52.2%); behavioral disorders included drowsiness and sleeping which showed significance with dosage of CBZ (P<0.01), digestive disorders were abdominal pain which showed significance, with dosage of CBZ (P<0.05) and weight gain. Other side effects were dizziness, headache, diplopia, tremor pallor, durg eruption, alopecia, aggravated acne etc. 4) The most common side effect in children treated with valproate (VPA) was pallor which showed significance with dosage of VPA (P<0.05). Abdominal pain had<0.05 significance with serum level of VPA, and Other side effects were anemia and weight gain. 5) In 83.3% of all patients, they had no side effects or could tolerate mild side effects. But in 12.5% of patients, the side effects disappeared when dosages were reduced, and AED had to be withdrawn in only 4.2% of patients.
Abdominal Pain ; Acne Vulgaris ; Alopecia ; Anemia ; Anticonvulsants* ; Carbamazepine ; Child* ; Diplopia ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Pallor ; Phenobarbital ; Phenytoin ; Prospective Studies ; Seizures ; Sleep Stages ; Tremor ; Valproic Acid ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of parity & delivery method on female fecal incontinence. METHOD: Based on 213 cases of 4 different delivery method and 40 cases of one non-delivery group, a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of female fecal incontinence, between January 1996 and December 1998, was done. With delivery mode, 4 different groups were: first vaginal delivery group , two or more vaginal deliveries group, first cesarean section group, and first vaginal delivery followed by cesarean section group. All subjects were examined by questionaire or phone about the experience of fecal incontinence after delivery. In cases of fecal incontinence , we reviewed the obstetric complications with medical records. RESULT: There was no fecal incontinence in the non-delivery group. The incidence of fecal incontinence in the two or more vaginal delivery group(11.7%, 9/77) and the first vaginal delivery followed by cesarean section group(18.1%, 8/44) was higher than the first vaginal delivery group(6.8%, 3/44), and the first cesarean section group(2.1%, 1/48)(P<0.05). The obstetric complications in fecal incontinence cases were: a prolonged second stage, anal sphincter laceration, vacuum extraction, a large baby etc. CONCLUSION: Fecal incontinence was significantly correlated with the number of vaginal deliveries and obstetric complications during delivery. Fecal incontinence after the first vaginal delivery or vaginal delivery followed by cesarean section are very important factors in choosing the next delivery method.
Cesarean Section ; Fecal Incontinence* ; Female* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations ; Medical Records ; Parity* ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Psychosexual Development ; Retrospective Studies ; Vacuum

The results of 16 cases of herpes simplex keratitis treated by cryogenic method are presented. The cryoapplicators(2 mm and 4 mm in diameter of tip) were applied on the lesions 5-7 seconds and antibiotics and atropine solutions were instilled. No complication by cryogenic treatment was happened. The new vessels in the cornea were faded after cryocautery for the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Atropine ; Cornea ; Herpes Simplex* ; Keratitis, Herpetic

Antral web (prepyloric mucosal diaphragm) is a rare gastric anomaly that disturbs the gastric outlet and has sometimes been a diagnostic problem to the radiologist and the endoscopist. It is composed of mucosa that enclose a membrane of submucosa and located at the antrum on variable distances from the pylorus. Web is congenital in origin but may be secondary to chronic peptic ulcer disease. Obstructive symptoms may not occur when diaphragmatic aperture is larger than 1 centimeter in diameter. The diagnosis of web relies on the history, barium study and gastroscopic findings but it may be noticed after laparotomy. We experienced an antral web which demonstrated characteristic endoscopic and radiologic findings in an eight-year-old girl. These typical distinguishable findings in endoscopic and barium study in this case can remind of the antral web in patients with gastric outlet obstruction symptoms. Antral web or pyloric web, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal obstructive symptoms in patients of any age.
Barium* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Endoscopy ; Female* ; Gastric Outlet Obstruction ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Membranes ; Mucous Membrane ; Peptic Ulcer ; Pylorus

Aspirin(ASA) and NSAIDs can induce bronchoconstriction in 10~20% of adult asthmatics patients. Inhalation of lysine-ASA(L-ASA) has been described as an alternative method for diagnosis of ASA-sensitive asthma. To further understand the characterlstics of ASA-sensitive asthmas. we studied 38 asthmatic patients with ASA -sensitivity (36 intrinsic and 2 extrinsic asthma) proven by L-ASA bronchoprovocation test (BPT). Most were female (male to female ratio was 27:73). Twenty (53%) of them had no previous history of adverse reactions when exposed to ASA. Twenty nine (79%) had rhino-sinusitis symptoms. Early asthmatic response was observed in 16 (42%) patients, late only response in 16(42%), and dual response in 6(16%) patients. The threshold of L-ASA to provoke a positive response ranged from 11.2 to 180 mg/ml and most (68.3%) had a positive response after the inhalation of 180 mg/ml. Concurrent sensitivity to sulfite was noted in 14 (36%) patients, followed by sensitivity to tartrazine in one (3%) patient. None showed a positive response to sodium benzoate. After the avoidance from ASA/ NSAIDs with administration of anti-asthmatic medications, symptom and medication scores reduced in 26(87%) patients among 30 followed patients. They were classified into the improved group: four (13%) patients belonged to the not-improved group. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the improved and not- improved group (p>0.05). In conclusion, L-ASA BPT could be considered as a useful method to diagnose ASA -sensitive asthma and be used to screen the causative agent for asthmatic patients with intrinsic type, especially in female patients with rhino-sinusitis and/or nasal polyp, even though they do not have arty history of adverse reactions. Cessation of exposure and proper treatment may allow to reduce symptom and medication scores.
Adult ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Asthma* ; Bronchoconstriction ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Nasal Polyps ; Sodium Benzoate ; Tartrazine

No abstract available.