For identification of the risk factors for lower urinary tract injuries in patients with pelvic fractures, we reviewed the records of 332 patients with pelvic fractures and 60 patients with urethral or bladder ruptures not associated with pelvic fractures seen at our hospital during recent 5 years. The incidence of lower urinary tract injuries in patients with pelvic fractures was 9.9 per cent (urethra 57.6 per cent, bladder 36.4 per cent. and both 6.0 per cent).Of the 181 simple rami fractures 21 (11.6 percent) had lower urinary tract injuries. Of the 90 rami fractures combining other fractures 11 (12.2 per cent} had lower urinary tract injuries, especially 5 (50.0 per cent) of the 10 combining symphysis pubis diastasis. Of the 14 bladder ruptures 13 had gross hematuria, and of the 21 urethral ruptures all had blood at urethral meatus. For evaluation of significance of hematuria as a indicator for bladder ruptures, we reviewed 257 pelvic fractures without urethral ruptures and upper tract injuries. While of the 25 cases with gross hematuria 13 (52.0 percent) had bladder ruptures, of the 76 cases with only microscopic hematuria 1 case had bladder rupture. We conclude that the high risk factors for lower urinary tract injuries in patients with pelvic fractures are both rami fracture, dispacement of hemipelvis, and symphysis pubis diastasis. Therefore prompt diagnostic procedures for urethral and bladder ruptures must be performed in those cases, especially when combined with gross hematuria or blood at urethral meatus.
Hematuria ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pubic Symphysis Diastasis ; Risk Factors* ; Rupture ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract*

The purposes of this study were to investigate importance level and performance frequency of the dietitians' duties and task elements, to examine the actual condition of education and need for education, to analyze the interrelation between their tasks and education, and to provide the direction of education for the contracted Business & Industry (B & I) foodservice dietitians. The task elements of receiving, ordering, HACCP management and directing serving process were done almost every day. In terms of the importance of tasks, food sanitation management, personnel sanitation management, receiving and ordering were high. Meanwhile, the computerization of their works was being carried out on the whole, showing a higher frequency in all the details of procurement management and accounting management, as well as task elements such as menu planning, leftover and food waste management, HACCP management and human resource management. In the past three years, HACCP management, cost management, planning work schedule and allotting a task, general business and sale bond management were increased most and rapidly. For the actual condition of education, dietitians got more education for the duty of sanitation, safe and facility/utility management than any other duty, while they did less education of procurement management and office management than others. Meanwhile, the education for sanitation, safe and facility/utility management and accounting management were very much required. For the relationships of frequency of duty and the necessity of education, seven task elements including food sanitation management were correlated positively. Eighteen tasks besides menu planning had a significant positive correlation between the importance of duties and the necessity of education.
Accounting ; Appointments and Schedules ; Commerce ; Contracts ; Humans ; Menu Planning ; Office Management ; Personnel Management ; Sanitation ; Waste Management

80 patients, 40 patients without preexisting EKG abnormality (group 1) and 40 patients with preexisting abnormalities of EKG (group 2), receiving general anesthesia in the operating room were monitored continously with electrocardioscope, Servomed SMK 155-1 and were recorded. 1) 7 cases(17.5%) of group 1 developed a variety of arrhythmia, and 13 cases (32.5%) of group (32.5%) of group 2 developed a variety of arrhythmia. 2) The most common arrhythmia was premature ventricular contraction including bigeminies (13 cases, 60% of the total arrhythemia) and the most serious arrhythmia was seen 1 case of rapid ventricular tachycardia without artrial activity. 3) Continous cardiac monitoring is valuable, easy and practical in virtually all instance during anesthesia and surgery.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Operating Rooms ; Perioperative Period* ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

Understanding the kinetics of normal blinking is helpful for assessing ptosis, third and seventh cranial nerve palsy. Many different techniques have been used to measure the kinetics of blinking. These techniques require expensive tools and specific clinical environment. And they are invasive and difficult to apply to children because of lack of cooporation. We videotaped the eyelid movements of normal subject using video camera which can be used in uncooperative children and is noninvasive manner. There was no significant difference in the mean velocity and the time of eye closure and opening according to the age and sex(p>0.05). But the greater the levator palpebra function, the faster the mean velocity of eye opening and the faster the mean velocity of eye closure, the lesser the D ratio. We took standard data of eyelid movement of normal subject. Therefore, we may expect the diagnostic value of eyelid movement measurement using video camera in eyelid movement disorders.
Blinking* ; Child ; Eyelids ; Facial Nerve ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Movement Disorders ; Paralysis

PURPOSE: This study was to test the reliability and validity of a Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R) in Korean college students. METHODS: The DRSEQ-R was designed to assess an individual's belief in their ability to refuse drinking alcohol by Oei et al. (2005) and consisted of three factors (social pressure, opportunity, and emotional relief). A methodological study design with an exploratory factor analysis for validity and correlation coefficients for reliability was used. DRSEQ-R was translated into Korean and a translation equivalency was obtained. DRSEQ-R was tested with a sample of 201 college students in Korea. The subjects consisted of 106 males and 95 females. Principal component factor analysis was used for construct validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate for internal consistency of the instrument. RESULTS: The factor analysis showed three factors explaining 66.3% of total variance and the corresponding factors were emotional relief (48.01%), drinking contextual opportunity (11.18%), and social pressure (7.14%). The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha=.937). All three factors of DRSEQ-R negatively correlated with alcohol dependency and a heavy drinker showed a lower DRSEQ-R than a moderate drinker. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, DRSEQ-R is a reliable and valid instrument to measure for drinking refusal self-efficacy in Korean college students.
Alcohol Drinking/*prevention & control ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; *Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Self Efficacy ; Social Behavior ; Students/*psychology ; Translating ; Universities ; Young Adult

A fundamental problem in analyzing complex multilevel-structured periodontal data is the violation of independency among the observations, which is an assumption in traditional statistical models (e.g., analysis of variance and ordinary least squares regression). In many cases, aggregation (i.e., mean or sum scores) has been employed to overcome this problem. However, the aggregation approach still exhibits certain limitations, such as a loss of power and detailed information, no cross-level relationship analysis, and the potential for creating an ecological fallacy. In order to handle multilevel-structured data appropriately, mixed effects models have been introduced and employed in dental research using periodontal data. The use of mixed effects models might account for the potential bias due to the violation of the independency assumption as well as provide accurate estimates.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Dental Research ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Linear Models ; Models, Statistical

The prognostic significance of vascular (blood and lymphatic vessels) invasion was evaluated in a retrospective review of 27 patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma from January 1985 to December 1993, who underwent a nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection. Vascular invasion was found in 10 patients (37%). The incidence of vascular invasion was well correlated with tumor grade and stage. The incidence of postoperative metastases was significantly higher in the patients with (70%) than without (17.6%) vascular invasion (p<0.05). The survival rate of the patients with vascular invasion was significantly lower than in those without vascular invasion (p<0.01). In multivariate Cox`s regressional analysis the prognostic value of vascular invasion was independent of tumor grade and stage. These results indicate that vascular invasion should predict a more unfavorable outcome in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma as an independent morphological indicator.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymphatic Vessels* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract*

The mechanism of erectile dysfunction associated with psychotherapeutic medication is not well defined. To determine whether psychotherapeutic drugs have a direct effect on penile cavernosal smooth muscle, the activity of 4 drugs from 4 major classes of psychotherapeutic agents, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, haloperidol and amitriptyline, was examined in vitro on isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum. Strips of corpus cavernosum were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension studies. The effect of the drugs on resting tension, their relaxant effect on norepinephrine (NE) precontracted tissue, and their effect on electrical field stimulated (EFS) relaxation of NE precontracted tissue were determined. Incubation with any of the drugs did not affect resting tension compared to a control. All drugs produced a dose-dependent relaxation in NE precontracted tissue which were significantly greater than the water treated control (p<0.0001). None of the drugs inhibited EFS relaxation. These result show that these classes of drugs do not affect the basal tone of the corpus cavernosum. All have intrinsic relaxant properties and none interfere with neurally stimulated relaxation. This study suggests that drugs from these 4 major classes of psychotherapeutic agents do not adversely affect penile cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation at the level of the penis and its associated neural elements. It may be inferred that reports of impotence in patients treated with these classes of drugs more likely reflect a central or primary psychopathologic process rather than a local corpus cavernosum effect.
Amitriptyline ; Baths ; Chlorpromazine ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Haloperidol ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; Norepinephrine ; Penis ; Relaxation ; Thioridazine ; Water

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dentoalveolar compensation according to anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy in normal occlusion and to evaluate cephalometric parameters that quantitatively describe dental compensations. The study consisted of 90 subjects (50 males, 40 females) who were selected among specimens of normal occlusion at Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Dept. of Orthodontics. Lateral cephalograms in centric occlusion were traced and digitized for each subject. According to the anteroposterior skeletal pattern, the sample was divided into three groups. Cephalometric data were analyzed for the three groups using the SPSS program. Independent t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out. The results were as follows: Dentoalveolar compensation was found in upper and lower incisor inclination and occlusal plane inclination. As the mandible located anterior to the maxilla, the maxillary incisors inclined more labially, the mandibular incisors more lingually, and the occlusal plane continued to flatten. The dental parameters most correlated with anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy were L1 to SN and L1 to FH. Among the compensatory dentoalveolar changes, lower incisor inclination was strongly related to the anteroposterior jaw relationship and played an important role in obtaining a normal incisor relationship. U1 to PtGn and L1 to APog were constant irrelevant to anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy.
Compensation and Redress* ; Dental Occlusion ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jaw ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Orthodontics ; Seoul

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of the multi-zone cross-cylinder method as compared with the single method for astigmatism correction using LASIK. This prospective study enrolled 40 patients (52 eyes) who underwent the cross-cylinder method using LASIK, and 52 patients (60 eyes) who underwent the single method using LASIK: all patients were given a diagnosis of complex myopic astigmatism from the department of ophthalmology of this hospital between January 2002 and July 2003. Preoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was .3.85 +/- 1.13 D in the cross-cylinder group and .4.05 +/-1.20 D in the single method group (p = 0.23). The mean cylinder was .2.05 +/-1.58 D in the cross-cylinder group and .1.95 +/-1.12 D in the single method group (p = 0.31). 6 months after treatment the results were a mean spherical equivalent refraction of .0.26 +/-0.30 D in the crosscylinder group and -0.34 +/-0.35 D in the single method group (p = 0.13). The mean cylinder was .0.38 +/-0.29 D in the cross-cylinder group and .0.45 +/-0.30 D in the single method group (p = 0.096). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The mean BCVA was not different from mean preoperative BCVA in both groups (i.e., 0.98 +/-0.10, 0.96 +/-0.25, p = 0.86). Postoperatively, patient complications that included night halo, glare and corneal haze were not noted in either group. In conclusion, the results of cross-cylinder method are no different from the single method for the correction of a complex astigmatism. In the future, studies will have to be conducted to assess the efficacy of the cross-cylinder method in consideration of those factors that can affect the postoperative outcome.
Adult ; Astigmatism/*surgery ; Corneal Stroma/surgery ; Humans ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/*methods ; Myopia/*surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies