We induced apoptosis in normal rats by intramuscular injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and immunohistochemically evaluated the thymus for the TdT-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labelling on the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 15th and 21st days following the bolus intramuscular injection. The injections of 5-FU induced a greater extent of apoptosis in the thymus. In the thymus, a mild increase in apoptosis was observed 24 hours after injection. The greatest number of apoptotic cells were seen at 72 hours. The size of the thymus decreased and the cortex thinned with hypocellularity. The injection of 5-FU caused massive cell loss in the thymus. Most apoptotic cells were scattered in the cortex and lower levels of apoptosis were also observed in the medulla. After 72 hours, the level of apoptosis returned to the control level. Considering the above results, we think that 5-FU induced toxicity may be related to 5-FU induced apoptosis in normal tissue, especially the thymus.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Biotin ; Fluorouracil* ; Injections, Intramuscular* ; Rats* ; Thymus Gland*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nicotine dependence, smoking-related attitude, and subjective norms across the stages of change for smoking cessation among adult smokers in a rural area. METHOD: The subjects were 276 current smokers (male=243, female=33). There were 3 stages of change for smoking cessation: pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stage. Data was collected by an interview or self-reporting from February 12th to March 5th 2004, and analyzed with frequency, percentage, chi-square-test, Fisher's exact probability test, ANOVA, and Scheffe test using the SPSS-PC program. RESULT: According to the stages of change, 114(41.3%) current smokers were in pre-contemplation, 110(39.9%) in contemplation, and 52(18.8%) in the preparation stage. There was a higher percentage of males than females (chi-square=8.99, p=.011) in the preparation stage. The mean score of the smoking-related attitude (F=7.43, p=.001) and subjective norm(F=27.41, p=.001) were both lowest in the pre-contemplation stage and increased positively during the stages of change for smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, the authors recommend that community-based smoking cessation programs should be developed by considering the intention or motives of current smokers and should be initiated in the preparation stage and primarily for male groups.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Attitude to Health ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motivation ; Nicotine ; Questionnaires ; Rural Population ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology ; Tobacco Use Disorder/*psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a community-based group smoking cessation program among adult smokers in a rural community. METHOD: The study design was quasi-experimental with a pre and posttest. A total of 55 adult smokers participated in the study. They were evaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after the program to identify the long-term effectiveness of the program. The program consisted of a total of 5 sessions provided twice a week. To test the effectiveness of the program, urine creatinine, expired air carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence, and smoking-related knowledge were used as dependent variables. Data was analyzed with the SPSS 10.0 program with a t-test, paired t-test, and Scheffe test. RESULT: Urine creatinine, expired air carbon monoxide, and nicotine dependence were significantly decreased after the program. Also, the rates of continuous abstinence were 81.8% at posttest, 65.5% at 1 month, 54.5% at 3 months, and 54.5% at 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: This community-based group smoking cessation program implemented by a nurse and smoking cessation counselors was effective for quitting smoking and decreasing urine creatinine and nicotine dependence. Therefore, this smoking cessation program could be recommended to induce smoking cessation as health promotion management in the rural community.
Adult ; Aged ; Breath Tests ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; Cotinine/urine ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Education as Topic ; Rural Population ; Smoking/prevention & control/*psychology ; Smoking Cessation/*methods ; Tobacco Use Disorder/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy for obese elementary school children. The program was composed of strategies to modify diet and exercise habits and to increase self-efficacy. METHOD: The subjects were 57 obese children (experimental group = 28, control group = 29) whose Rohler index was 150 and over. The program was implemented once a week for 12 weeks from September 16 to December 12, 2003. The data was analyzed by Fisher's exact probability, chi2-test, t-test, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. RESULT: The Rohler index, fat mass and lean body mass of the experimental group positively changed after the intervention more than those of the control group, but there was a significant difference in the Rohler index only (t=2.06, p=.045). In addition, obesity stress significantly decreased (z=-2.86, p=.047) and dietary self-efficacy significantly increased (t=2.35, p=.023) in the experimental group than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: This study supports that a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy can be effective in decreasing obesity stress and increasing dietary self-efficacy. Parents, school nurses and the other support groups should be encouraged to participate from the planning stage of the program to be effective in weight control of obese elementary school children. Also school-based program should be implemented as an essential course in the curriculum, not as an elective.
Weight Loss ; *Self Efficacy ; *School Health Services ; Obesity/*therapy ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Diet, Reducing ; Child ; *Behavior Therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze teaching status and knowledge about children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in elementary school teachers. METHODS: The participants of this study were 204 elementary school teachers in Busan. From July to September 2010, the researchers collected data by using self-report questionnaires consisted of questions about their teachers' characteristics and teaching status and KADDS (36 items) developed by Sciutto, Terjesen and Frank. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data using SPSS WIN 16.0 program. RESULTS: Less than 50% of the participants had previous education on ADHD. According to this experience, there were significant differences in participants' knowledge about children with ADHD (t=4.703, p<.001). For the 36 items, participants had an average of 19.19+/-4.58 points out of a possible 36. Moreover, lack of knowledge about teaching children with ADHD and communication problems with the parents of these children were considered to be the most disturbing factors. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that networks among teachers, parents and medical care professionals should be established. The results also indicate that educational programs for elementary school teachers should be developed in order to identify and teach children with ADHD appropriately.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Humans ; Parents ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Pleural involvement in paragonimiasis is relatively common, either unilateral or bilateral, and may occur without pulmonary parenchymal infiltrates. Common radiologic findings of pleural paragonimiasis are pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, empyema and pleural thickening. However, pleural calcification as a manifestation of paragonimiasis is a rare condition. We report two cases of paragonimiasis manifested only as pleural calcifications which were confirmed pathologically.
Empyema ; Hydropneumothorax ; Paragonimiasis* ; Pleural Effusion ; Pneumothorax

Gastric cancer is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy in Korea. Identification and evaluation ofgastric mass lesions and regional-distant metastases by abdominal CT scan are important for the treatment planningand prognostic implications of gastric cancer patients. Author reviewed CT scan are important for the treatemntplaning and prognostic implications of gastric cancer patients. Author reviewed CT scan of 61 cases of pathologyproven gastric cancer, retrospectively, for recent 20 months from July 1983 to Feb. 1985 at department ofradiology, Korea University, Hae Wha Hospital. The results were as follows: 1. There were 50 cases of advanced adenocarcinoma, 8 cases of early gastric cancer, 2 cases of leiomyosarcoma, and 1 case of lymphoma in total 61cases. 2. The sex ratio of male to female was 2:1. Age distribution was from 24 to 75 year old and peak incidencewas in 6th decade. 3. The most frequent site of involvement with gastric cancer was gastric antrum in 51%. 4. 48of the 50 patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma(96%) had a wall thickness greater than 1 cm, and all of 8cases of early gastric cancer had a wall thickness less than 1 cm. Regional lymph node tumor infiltration wasfound in 100% of gastric wall thickness greater than 2.0cm, in 64% of cases of 1.5 to 2.0cm, in 50% of cases of1.9 to 1.5cm, and 12.5% of cases of less than 1.0cm. 5. In a comparison of enlargement of reginal lymph node by CTscan to tumor infiltration of regional lymph node by histology, senitivity was 52%, specificity was 87%, and reliability was 66%. 6. The structures involved by distant metastases of these cases were the retroperitoneallymph node in 15, liver in 8, and pancrease in 3. 7. The diagnostic accuracy of CT staging was considered about68% by correlation of the surgical and histological findings. 8. The CT scan is one of the accurate and simpletool for evaluation of size, shape, extent, as well as distant metastases in the cases of gastric malignancies.
Adenocarcinoma ; Age Distribution ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Leiomyosarcoma ; Liver ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoma ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pancreas ; Pancrelipase ; Pyloric Antrum ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Ratio ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Diagnostic radiologic studies for angiosarcoma are usually non-specific, but selective angiography is notablyexceptional, and there had been a few reports of CT or US featurs of hepatic or splenic angiosarcoma. We recentlyexperienced a case of hepatic and splenic angiosarcoma demonstrated by CT, US and selective angiogram in34-year0old man.
Angiography ; Hemangiosarcoma

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide fundamental data to develop a simulation application working practice module and to develop a strategy that would improve team efficacy of students, as well as interpersonal understanding, and proactivity in problem solving after using the team based learning simulation. METHODS: The participants were students in fourth year in C University and they participated in the simulation learning for 8 weeks from October to December 2010. The variables of team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, and proactivity in problem solving were measured and data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 17.0 program. RESULTS: After applying the team based simulation learning, students' team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, and proactivity in problem solving improved significantly. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the simulation module in this study gave the students experience in providing available and safe nursing care under conditions similar to reality and also underlined the importance of team competency for student nurses in caring for patients.
Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing Care ; Nursing, Team ; Patient Simulation ; Problem Solving

This study examined the structure and contents of the information provided by the web sites, in terms of clarity, business goal, authority, sustainment of operation and responsibility of customer care, as well as menus. The findings from the analysis of 217 web sites selected from 5 major portal sites, are 1) most of catering business over internet are located around Seoul area, 2) almost 80% of the selected sites are administered by professional agents or firms while the remnants by individuals, 3) except menu and price, any additional information is hardly shown, 4) about three quarter of the sites opened after 2001, that is coherent with the trend of the growth of internet users and eating-out, 5) it is strongly required to create healthful cyber space for the customers, 6) a small number of the sites(12.4%) try to manage access from customers, 7) many sites(73.7%) open the channels for feedback from the customers 8) among the types of catering services offered by the sites, home party is the most popular and the kinds of cuisine, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, are divided into almost same proportion of the sites, 9) the average number of dishes is 33.5, 10) they offer 7 to 8 different dishes of grain, 4 to 6 of meat, 4 to 10 of fishes, 5 to 13 of vegetables, 1 of fruits, and 1 to 3 of dairy products, 11) The majority of price level is 15,001won ~ 20,000won.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Edible Grain ; Commerce ; Dairy Products ; Fishes ; Fruit ; Humans ; Internet ; Meat ; Seoul ; Vegetables