This study was carried out to examine Koreans preference in mushrooms, their nutritional knowledge of mushrooms as a source of Vitamin D, and five characteristics of six dishes consisting of common dishes and mushroom dishes. The data were collected from 2,777 subjects in various age ranges by means of a survey questionnaire. Variables, such as age, gender, diet quality and the degree of interest in diet were significant factors considered in relation to preference of mushrooms. Adults ate mushrooms because of their healthfulness, but this attibute was not a factor among adolescent students. The level of nutritional knowledge was relatively low and the ratio of "do not know" responses was higher than the ratio of "yes" or "no" . Generally, housewives, elementary school children and those who were healthy, ate floods because of health consciousness, and those who preferred mushrooms had better dietary habits. The characteristics of mushroom dishes, both as main and side dishes, had much more correlation with the factors considered for the subjects than the common dishes and one dish meals, respectively. Dietary altitudes, such as mushroom preference, frequency of mushroom intake and level of nutritional knowledge, were strongly correlated with the characteristics of the six dishes. It has been shown that mushroom dishes were recognized as nutritional, rather than delicious.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Agaricales* ; Altitude ; Child ; Consciousness ; Diet ; Floods ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Meals ; Vitamin D ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Tetralogy of Fallot constitutes the highest proportion of cyanotic congenital heart disease and has four basic abnormal anatomical pictures including ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, aortic overriding and right ventricular hypertrophy. The work of Edward, et al(1965), Guntheroth, et al(1965) and Lev and Eckner(1964) has shown that the anatomical picture in a combination of just first two morphological characteristics, the aortic overriding and right ventricular hypertrophy being a consequence of the ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Basic signs involve two categories, one is change of shunt rate depending on pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect and systemic vascular resistance, and the other is physiological response to the chronically lowered PaO2. Thus the pathophysiological status presents to us more problems than other congenital heart disease in the care of patients during operation and anesthesia. Therefore, the anesthesiologist must understand the basic pathophysiology, various findings of examination, symptoms and signs, the problems during anesthesia and postoperative care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic management in total corrective surgery of tetralogy of Fallo which was performed at Severance Hospital. Out of consecutive 160 cases of tetralogy of Fallot in our past ten years experiences from 1971 to 1980, we selected the clinical results on anesthetic care of 12 cases which received total corrective surgery under hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation. The results were as follows: 1) Out of 121 cases, 82 cases were male(67.8%) and female was 39 cases(32.2%). The group aging from 6 to 10 year old was the highest proportion (44.6%) and the next proportion was the group aging from 11 to 15(22.3%). 2) Out of 121 cases, 91 cases were cyanotic(75.2%). On the diagnostic distribution, tetralogy of Fallot without any other anomaly was the most common(66.9%). 3) As for premedicants, secobarbital was the highest proportion(28.1%). For anesthetic maintenance, methoxyflurane with nitrous oxide was the most common(43.8%). 4) During cardio-pulmonary bypass, high flow perfusion was commonly used and the highest mean arterial pressure was 89.09+/-1.21 mmHg and the lowest mean arterial pressure was 36.33+/-1.21mmHg. 5) The major complications after operation and anesthesia were dysrhythmia(13.1%), pleural effusion(10.3%), main wound infection(10.3%), hemorrhage(8.3%), acute renal failure(8.3%), heart failure(6.9%), low output syndrome(4.1%) and cerebral infarction due to air emboliam(2.7%). 6) Out of 121 cases were expired and hospital mortality was 23.1%. The causes of death were heart failure(50%), acute renal failure(14.3%) and cerebral infarction(14.3%). in conclusion, anesthetic care for total corrective surgery of teralogy of Fallot should be based upon the understanding of the pathophysiology of disorder itself.
Female ; Humans ; Mortality

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate sexual behavior, pregnancy and contraception knowledge among teenage. METHOD: The subjects were 627 of teenaged girls from 14 to 19 years old who lived in a capital city. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys used the convenience sampling. The instrument used for this study was contraception knowledge tool. The collected data was analysed by using descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test for post hoc with SPSS program. RESULT: The finding of Sex experience was kiss and petting experience 196 (32%), sex intercourse 44 (7.2%) and pregnancy 6 (1%). Average of contraception knowledge was 3.8 score (total 15). Statically significant general characteristics variable related to sex experience were age, school type, smoking and alcohol use. Statically significant general characteristics variable related to contraception knowledge were age, school type, previous sex education and contraception education. CONCLUSION: These results of this study provided health professional informations to develop intervention programs to reduce teenage pregnancy.
Adolescent* ; Contraception* ; Education ; Female* ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Pregnancy in Adolescence ; Pregnancy* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Education ; Sexual Behavior* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Young Adult

The development of leukemia during pregnancy is rare and difficult to diagnosis and treatment. Acute leukemias are among the most common malignant neoplasms of young women, but paradoxically, their incidence complicating pregnancy is cited to be 0.9 to 1.2 cases per 100,000. l'he signs and symptoms of acut:e leukemia may mask the signs and symptoms of early pregnancy. 'I'he occurrence of acute leukemia during pregnancy raises many therapeut,ic and ethical dilemmas because of the potential tetatogenic effects of chemotherapy and the danger of fetal wastage, in addition to the well-known problem of marrow suppression in the mother. We experienced a case where diagnosis of a woman at the 15 gestational weeks revealed acute lymphocytic leukemia and immediate treatment. as well as termination of pregnancy was made to prevent abnormal neonatal birth. We present this case with review of related literatures.
Bone Marrow ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukemia ; Masks ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma* ; Pregnancy*

OBJECTIVES: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disease of high heritability. Parents of children with ADHD have high parenting stress and low parenting efficacy. In this study, we assessed parents' characteristics including inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, executive function, anxiety/depression severity level, child's ADHD symptom severity, and parents' emotional distress level. The relationships between severity of ADHD symptoms in children, cognitive and emotional characteristics in parents, as well as parenting stress and parenting efficacy were evaluated. METHODS: 96 parents participated in the study. Each parent assessed their child's ADHD symptom severity, their own ADHD symptom severity, as well as executive function, depression, anxiety, parenting stress and parenting efficacy. Collected data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean ADHD Rating Scale score of 53 children was 22.91 (±9.63). Of these, 26 (49.0%) were taking medication. Eight (8.3%) of the 96 parents had psychiatric illnesses and 12 (12.5%) had the possibility of ADHD. Mothers showed significantly higher levels of parenting stress (p < 0.001), depression (p=0.006), and parenting efficacy (p < 0.001) compared with fathers. The children's ADHD symptoms, severity, and parental depression were related to high parenting stress. The ADHD symptoms of parents were associated with high parenting stress (p=0.032). Parental executive function was significantly associated with low parenting efficacy (p=0.015). CONCLUSION: Children's ADHD symptoms severity, parental depression and ADHD symptom severity were significantly associated with high parenting stress. Parental executive function was significantly associated with low parenting efficacy. In addition to treating the children with ADHD, evaluation and treatment of parents' symptoms is needed in order to reduce parenting stress and provide a stable parenting environment.
Anxiety ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child ; Depression ; Executive Function* ; Fathers ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents*

The purpose of this study is to develop an internet based hospice information service system as a solution to the problems identified in our previous studies. Databases and homepage were designed and developed for the information needed for the hospice care and these services were available through the Internet. The hospice information service system has three subsystems. Frrst subsystem, which is training and education for the hospice care personnel includes general hospice information, pain and symptom management, the role of hospice care program information, and hospice care standard. Second subsystem which is patient management includes patient's general information, medical record, nursing record, major symptoms and nursing care plan, statistical data management, and hospice care facilities. Third subsystem includes Q and A for patient, family members, and hospice care team members. The system was tested through providing hospice care to the terminally ill patients and their family members by home visiting nurses. Through this study, it was found that hospice information system is very effective for those who need hospice care at home. But in order for the system to be more effective, system needs to be upgraded with more information on spiritual and social welfare and specialists who provided spiritual care and social welfare need to be included in the hospice care team.
Education ; Home Care Services ; Hospice Care ; Hospices* ; House Calls ; Humans ; Information Services* ; Information Systems ; Internet* ; Medical Records ; Nursing Records ; Patient Care Planning ; Social Welfare ; Specialization ; Terminally Ill

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical significance of the multiple increased uptake lesions other than in femoral heads as seen on whole body bone scan in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral heads. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy three patients with clinical diagnosis of avascular necrosis of fthe emoral head underwent a bone scan using Tc-99m MDP. Increased uptake lesions other than in femoral heads were evaluated, including frequency and common sites of involvement, and correlated with clinical information and plain radiographic findings. Two hundred patients without AVN, who had undergone a bone scan, were included as a control group. RESULTS: Increased uptake lesions in extrafemoral head locations were found in 36 of 173 patients(20.8% ; the location of 79 lesions was other than the femoral head, This result is statistically different from patients without avascular necrosis of femoral head(p<0.0001). The most common site of involvement was the knee joint area(62.5%). Other lesions were located in the mid-shafts of the long bones of the lower extremities, calcaneus, proximal humerus, etc., in order of decreasing frequency. Plain radiographs of 17 lesions were nonspecific, except for three lesions showing definite changes associated with avascular necrosis. The risk factors included alcoholism, the prolonged use of steroids, renal transplantation, herbal medication and working as a working as deep-sea diver. Most patients did not complain of pain, except for two with irreversible osteonecrotic changes as seen on plain radiograph. CONCLUSION: in patients with avascular necrosis of the femur, increased uptake lesions other than in the femoral head as seen on bone scan, may represent the early stage of osteonecrosis, which shows a characteristic appearance on bone scan. In order to avoid possible misdiagnoses of multiple extrafemoral lesions as bony metastasis or traumatic lesions, in patients with avascular necrosis of the femur these should be carefully evaluated.
Alcoholism ; Calcaneus ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Femur ; Head* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Kidney Transplantation ; Knee Joint ; Lower Extremity ; Necrosis* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteonecrosis ; Risk Factors ; Steroids ; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical significance of the multiple increased uptake lesions other than in femoral heads as seen on whole body bone scan in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral heads. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy three patients with clinical diagnosis of avascular necrosis of fthe emoral head underwent a bone scan using Tc-99m MDP. Increased uptake lesions other than in femoral heads were evaluated, including frequency and common sites of involvement, and correlated with clinical information and plain radiographic findings. Two hundred patients without AVN, who had undergone a bone scan, were included as a control group. RESULTS: Increased uptake lesions in extrafemoral head locations were found in 36 of 173 patients(20.8% ; the location of 79 lesions was other than the femoral head, This result is statistically different from patients without avascular necrosis of femoral head(p<0.0001). The most common site of involvement was the knee joint area(62.5%). Other lesions were located in the mid-shafts of the long bones of the lower extremities, calcaneus, proximal humerus, etc., in order of decreasing frequency. Plain radiographs of 17 lesions were nonspecific, except for three lesions showing definite changes associated with avascular necrosis. The risk factors included alcoholism, the prolonged use of steroids, renal transplantation, herbal medication and working as a working as deep-sea diver. Most patients did not complain of pain, except for two with irreversible osteonecrotic changes as seen on plain radiograph. CONCLUSION: in patients with avascular necrosis of the femur, increased uptake lesions other than in the femoral head as seen on bone scan, may represent the early stage of osteonecrosis, which shows a characteristic appearance on bone scan. In order to avoid possible misdiagnoses of multiple extrafemoral lesions as bony metastasis or traumatic lesions, in patients with avascular necrosis of the femur these should be carefully evaluated.
Alcoholism ; Calcaneus ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Femur ; Head* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Kidney Transplantation ; Knee Joint ; Lower Extremity ; Necrosis* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteonecrosis ; Risk Factors ; Steroids ; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate*

OBJECTIVE: Among causes of sudden death presumed to be related with use of atypical antipsychotics, all drugs which could induce torsade de pointes had been known to prolong QTc interval. Therefore, to monitor the changes of QTc interval on EKG seemed to be an important marker for the antipsychotic-induced cardiotoxicity, further to prevent sudden death due to fatal ventricular arrythmia. There are several studies and case reports about cardiac toxicity in some patients who were administered newly developed atypical antipsychotics. The aims of this study were to know whether quetiapine causes changes in QTc interval, and to identify affecting factors. METHODS: For the 31 inpatients (21 females, 10 males) with schizophrenia (N=25) or schizoaffective disorder (N=5), schizophreniform disorder (N=1) according to DSM-IV, the EKG monitoring was successively taken on baseline and the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks after quetiapine administration, and serial changes of every EKG parameters including QTc interval was comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, variables such as cardiovascular risk factors (weight gain, hyperlipidemia, thyroid function, etc.), dose of drugs, drug combination, severity of psychotic symptoms, changes in the activity of autonomic nervous system despite of sex and age were also successively assessed on baseline and the 2, 4, and 6 weeks after quetiapine administration. RESULTS: 1) Every EKG parameters (heart rate, PR interval, QRS and QT) including QTc interval and diastolic blood pressure were not changed significantly on the 2, 4, and 6 weeks after quetiapine administration as compared with baseline. The systolic pressure was significantly declined form the 2 weeks after quetiapine administration as compared with baseline (p<0.05). 2) Among variables affecting the EKG parameters including QTc interval, age, dose of drugs, hyperlipidemia and thyroid function were not correlated with. However, the body weight on the 6 weeks after quetiapine administration had significant negative correlation with QT (gamma=-0.427)and QTc interval (gamma=-0.406), and the drug combination on the 6 weeks after quetiapine treatment had significant positive correlation with QRS (gamma=0.393) and QT (gamma=0.415), while severity of psychotic symptoms on the 4th week had correlation with QT (gamma=0.380) (p<0.05, respectively). Otherwise, the QTc interval on the 6 weeks after was significantly prolonged in female patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Even though the administration of quetiapine did not cause significant changes in the QTc interval in this study, we need to pay attention toward the possibly related factors.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Death, Sudden ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Inpatients ; Psychotic Disorders ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia ; Thyroid Gland ; Torsades de Pointes ; Quetiapine Fumarate

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the status and need for nutrition and dietary life education among nutrition teachers at schools. These characteristics were analyzed if they were different between elementary schools and middle-high schools. METHODS: Subjects were 151 nutrition teachers from 70 elementary schools, 41 middle schools and 40 high schools in 17 cities nationwide selected by two-stage stratified cluster sampling process. Survey questionnaires included the items on general characteristics, status and need assessment for nutrition and dietary life education. Chi-square test or t-test was used for data analysis by school groups. RESULTS: Nutrition education was implemented at 65.7% of elementary schools and 51.9% of middle-high schools. Nutrition education was mainly performed in 'discretionary activities·extracurricular activities' at elementary school and through 'newsletters, school homepage, foodservice bulletin board' at middle-high school (p<0.001). The most needed topic for nutrition education in nutrition teachers was 'healthy dietary habits and table manners' and this was not significantly different by school groups. Responses on adequate frequency (p<0.01), methods used for nutrition education (p<001), materials for nutrition education (p<0.001), information sources for nutrition education (p<0.001) were significantly different by school groups. Major tasks for activating nutrition education included 'securing the time for implementing nutrition education by reducing work loads' and 'developing standardized nutrition education materials' in schools. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education at schools might be activated by improving working conditions of nutrition teachers and developing the practical programs that reflect the needs of nutrition teachers.
Adolescent ; Child ; Education* ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; Statistics as Topic