The exact etiology and pathogenesis of myopia are not known yet, although various studies of the development of myopia in experimental animals have been made. Authors attemtped whether rabbits developed axial myopia by fusing their lids at birth in one eye, or not. The monocular vision was deprived by suture of upper and lower lids in 12 rabbits which were 5 day-old. The other eye was unsutured as the control. Ten months later, we assessed refractive error, corneal curvature, axial length, and intraocular pressure and enucleation was done. We observed the histologic change of sclera with light microscope. The eyes with lid suture were more myopic(-3.35 +/- 0.99D) than the controlled eyes(-0.21 +/- 0.46D) (p<0.01). The corneal curvature and intraocular pressure were not significantly different between two groups. The axial lengths of the sutured eves were increased(21.27 +/- 1.70mm) in comparison with those of the controlled(17.39 +/- 1.83mm)(p<0.01). We conclude the difference in axial length was caused by the elongation of the posterior segment of eyeball. since lens thickness, depth of anterior chamber, and corneal curvature were identical in both groups. These were correlated with histologic change that showed thinner posterior parts of sclera of the sutured eyes than those of the controlled eyes. The results of this study demonstrate that monocular lid fusion in rabbits produced an expenmental axial myopia.
Animals ; Anterior Chamber ; Eyelids* ; Intraocular Pressure ; Myopia* ; Parturition ; Rabbits* ; Refractive Errors ; Sclera ; Sutures* ; Vision, Monocular

No abstract available.
Primary Myelofibrosis*

OBJECTIVES: Changes in plasma homovanillic acid(HVA) were investigated in neuroleptic responsive and non-responsive schizophrenics in order to delineate parameters of dopamine regulation, which may underlie differences in neuroleptic responsivity. METHOD: Twenty newly admitted acute schizophrenic patients were treated with haloperidol for 6 weeks. HVA was sampled at baseline, 3 days after initial neuroleptic dose, and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks of treatment. Nine patients were classified as responders in this prospective haloperidol treatment trial. They had a score of change in the BPRS total scores of 25% or greater. Eleven patients were classified as nonresponders, based on a score of changes in the BPRS total scores of less than 25%. RESULTS: 1) The age of onset in respnder was older than nonresponder. 2) There were no significant changes in plasma HVA levels in total patients during 6 weeks haloperidol treatment period, but the nonreponders had a robust decrease in HVA level from baseline to 3 days and one week after haloperidol treatment in successive comparison. 3) There were no significant correlations between plasma HVA level and total scores of BPRS. CONCLUSIONS:This study suggested that neuroleptic non-responsive schizophrenics had a different plasma HVA concentration during haloperidol treatment but could not provide support to the idea that change in plasma HVA in response to neuroleptics can predict eventual clinical response to treatment. Further study is required in order to better characterize the changes in dopamine turnover in subgroups of schizophrenics.
Age of Onset ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Dopamine ; Haloperidol ; Homovanillic Acid* ; Humans ; Plasma* ; Prospective Studies ; Schizophrenia

We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the simple x-ray with that of the computed tomography, and analyzed the surgical results according to the timing of operation in 52 patients with suspected orbital blowout fractures who complained diplopia after midfacial trauma. Of all the cases, 40 orbital fractures were confirmed with CT and forced duction test and the remaining 12 patients were thought to have transient functional impairment because the clinical signs were resolved with time. CT detected all the 40 actual fractures, so the dignostic accuracy(100%) was higher than that of the simple x-ray(75%) which detected 30 fractures of the 40 actual fractures(p=0.001). We operated 19 patients who have persistent diplopia, enophthalmos of more than 2 mm, and large fracture defect, and there was significant improvement of symptoms and signs in patients on whom operations were performed within 2 weeks after trauma rather than after 2 weeks.
Diagnosis* ; Diplopia ; Enophthalmos ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures

BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia during one lung ventilation (OLV) for thoracotomy in patients in the lateral position remains a clinical problem. And thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) during one lung ventilation recently has been combined with general anesthesia in our clinical practice for thoracic surgery. Then the effects of TEA combined with general anesthesia on PaO2 remains controversial. The aim of this study to investigate whether thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) affect PaO2 and pulmonary shunt during one lung anesthesia. METHODS: Fifteen patients undergoing lobectomy with one lung ventilation were examined. Each group was injected normal saline (control group, n = 7) or 1% lidocaine (TEA group, n = 8) 8 ml through thoracic epidural catheter after induction. We compared pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) after OLV 30, 60 minutes and after two lung ventilation (TLV). RESULTS: We found the significant increases of intrapulmonary shunt fraction (%) in the TEA group compared to control group at each event, OLV30, 60 and TLV. And significant increase of intrapulmonary shunt was found after one lung ventilation in the both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TEA may influence hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) by blockade of sympathetic activity during OLV.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anoxia ; Catheters ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Lung* ; One-Lung Ventilation ; Tea ; Thoracic Surgery ; Thoracotomy ; Vasoconstriction ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by obesity and insulin resistance, elicits risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance with additive effects on atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular diseases. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of MS among overweight and obese adolescents and to investigate the impact of obesity on the cardiovascular system. METHODS: tal cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured in the patients with a BMI of >85 percentile. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (BaPWV) and ankle brachial index were measured using Vascular Profiler (VP)-1000. RESULTS: MS was confirmed in 19.5% of the overweight and obese adolescents and 50.8% of the obese adolescents. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, weight, fat mass, %fat, BMI, obesity index, and waist circumference were higher in the overweight and obese adolescents with MS. Moreover, the triglyceride, AST, ALT, and hs-CRP levels were higher, whereas HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in this group. The overweight and obese adolescents with MS showed shorter diastolic and systolic times, higher heart rate and BaPWV, and longer E-wave deceleration time by echocardiography. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obese adolescents showed characteristic MS features such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Thus, obese adolescents predisposed to MS should be provided early treatment for obesity.
Adolescent ; Alanine Transaminase ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood Pressure ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cardiovascular System ; Cholesterol ; Deceleration ; Glucose Intolerance ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Insulin Resistance ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Pulse Wave Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference

PURPOSE: This study was to determine the current trend of nursing research as exploring both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and to provide the explicit direction to improve the quality of published papers. METHODS: Total of 366 articles published between 2004 and 2006 was reviewed using the criteria of analysis. RESULTS: There was more number of quantitative studies than qualitative studies. More studies were conducted with subjects who had health problems, and studies that targeted women and elderly population have been significantly increased. In quantitative methodology, utilization of experimental and quasi-experimental designs has been increased, however descriptive study was dominant as yet. In qualitative methodology, studies using grounded theory and phenomenology were frequently published. It was noted that theoretical framework and rational for sample size were rarely presented in quantitative study. Philosophical position and the process of preparation for study, which guided the research, were not clearly described in qualitative study. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review suggest that published studies have been improved and diversified, however, detailed and clear evaluation tool that assesses study process and method should be developed as a way to further improve the quality of published papers.
Bibliometrics ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing Methodology Research/*standards ; *Periodicals as Topic ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the reference accuracy in major nursing journals in Korea. METHODS: The references in articles from eight nursing journals from 2006 were compared with PubMed for authors, year, title, journal, volume, and page accuracy. Four hundred sixty-six references were reviewed. Errors were classified as major or minor and categorized by bibliographic headings (author, title, journal, year, volume and page). RESULTS: Of the 466 references, 223(47.9%) had citation errors. The reference error rates ranged from 28.6% to 58.7%. Most errors occurred in the author element (37.9%), followed by title (20.9%), journal (19.0%), page (13.9%), volume (5.9%), and year (2.4%). CONCLUSION: This study identified a considerable error rate in the references of nursing journals. Inaccuracy of references is a reflection on scholarly work of authors and journals. Authors and Editorial committees are responsible for the accuracy of references.
*Bibliography as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; *Nursing ; Peer Review, Research ; Periodicals as Topic

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the status and need for nutrition and dietary life education among nutrition teachers at schools. These characteristics were analyzed if they were different between elementary schools and middle-high schools. METHODS: Subjects were 151 nutrition teachers from 70 elementary schools, 41 middle schools and 40 high schools in 17 cities nationwide selected by two-stage stratified cluster sampling process. Survey questionnaires included the items on general characteristics, status and need assessment for nutrition and dietary life education. Chi-square test or t-test was used for data analysis by school groups. RESULTS: Nutrition education was implemented at 65.7% of elementary schools and 51.9% of middle-high schools. Nutrition education was mainly performed in 'discretionary activities·extracurricular activities' at elementary school and through 'newsletters, school homepage, foodservice bulletin board' at middle-high school (p<0.001). The most needed topic for nutrition education in nutrition teachers was 'healthy dietary habits and table manners' and this was not significantly different by school groups. Responses on adequate frequency (p<0.01), methods used for nutrition education (p<001), materials for nutrition education (p<0.001), information sources for nutrition education (p<0.001) were significantly different by school groups. Major tasks for activating nutrition education included 'securing the time for implementing nutrition education by reducing work loads' and 'developing standardized nutrition education materials' in schools. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education at schools might be activated by improving working conditions of nutrition teachers and developing the practical programs that reflect the needs of nutrition teachers.
Adolescent ; Child ; Education* ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; Statistics as Topic

Peripheral neuroepithelioma (PNE) of soft tissue is a malignant neuroectodermal tumor arising from peripheral (nonautonomic) nerve. It may occur in both children and adults, and are highly aggressive neoplasms that rapidly give rise to metastatic disease and death. We exprienced a case of peripheral neuroepithelioma of soft tissue in the upper arm in a 18-year-old female. Cytologic features revealed small round cells with scanty cytoplasm occurring both singly and in clusters. The clusters frequently tended to form Homer-Wright rosettes. The cells had a round to oval nucleus with fine chromatin and in- conspicuous nucleoli in a hemorrhagic background.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Arm ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; Child* ; Chromatin ; Cytoplasm ; Female ; Humans ; Neuroectodermal Tumors ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral ; Urinary Bladder