Cyclopia is rare congenital craniofacial anomaly, in which the eyes are fused together and located in a single orbit. It is consistently associated with severe holoprosencephaly, which is the failure of cleavage of the prosencephalon with a deficit in the midline facial development. chromosomal study revealed 47, X( ), +13 (Patau syndrome).
Holoprosencephaly ; Orbit ; Prosencephalon ; Trisomy*

Transient tachypnea of the newborn(TTN) is a benign self-limited disease characterized by early onset and rapid recovery of tachypnea although it may occasionally have a more prolonged and protracted course. A retrospective clinical study was mad on 29 neonates with TTN admitted to NICU of Pohang St. Mary's Hospital from January 1992 to June 1993. The results were as follows: 1) TTN(36.2%) was the most common cause of respiratory distress in the neonate followed by idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome(23.8%), pneumonia(18.8%), meconium aspiration syndrome(6.2%), perinatal asphyxia(6.2%), polycythemia(3.8%), anemia(1.2%), persistent fetal circulation(1.2%), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(1.2%) and tracheoesophageal fistula(1.2%) 2) TTN was more frequent in the male term infants but can occur in premature(41.4%) and low birth weight infants(34.5%). 3) The associated perinatal conditions were oxytocin-induction(8 cases, 27.6%), Cesarean delivery(10 cases, 34.5%) and asphyxia(7 cases, 24.2%) 4) Arterial blood gas analysis showed respiratory acidosis in 3 cases and metabolic acidosis in 3 cases but none of TTN showed hypoxia unresponsive to oxygen 5) Chest X-ray showed hyperaeration in 10 cases(34.5%), increased pulmonary vascularity in 8 cases(27.6%), hyperaeration and increased pulmonary vascularity in 6 cases(20.6%) and cardiomegaly in 12 cases(53%). 6) Tachypnea usually appeared within 6hours and abated by 48-72hours but sustained more than 73hours in 7 cases(24.1%) 7) In majority of cases, maximal respiratory rates were below 100 rates/min and administered oxygen concentrations were 20-40%, and their mean values were 81 rates/min, 37.6% respectively. 8) TTN with more prolonged course(> or=48hours) was associated with low birth weight infants, prematurity and higher respiratory rates(> or=100 breaths a minute)(p<0.05).
Acidosis ; Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Cardiomegaly ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachypnea ; Thorax ; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn*

Transient tachypnea of the newborn(TTN) is a benign self-limited disease characterized by early onset and rapid recovery of tachypnea although it may occasionally have a more prolonged and protracted course. A retrospective clinical study was mad on 29 neonates with TTN admitted to NICU of Pohang St. Mary's Hospital from January 1992 to June 1993. The results were as follows: 1) TTN(36.2%) was the most common cause of respiratory distress in the neonate followed by idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome(23.8%), pneumonia(18.8%), meconium aspiration syndrome(6.2%), perinatal asphyxia(6.2%), polycythemia(3.8%), anemia(1.2%), persistent fetal circulation(1.2%), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(1.2%) and tracheoesophageal fistula(1.2%) 2) TTN was more frequent in the male term infants but can occur in premature(41.4%) and low birth weight infants(34.5%). 3) The associated perinatal conditions were oxytocin-induction(8 cases, 27.6%), Cesarean delivery(10 cases, 34.5%) and asphyxia(7 cases, 24.2%) 4) Arterial blood gas analysis showed respiratory acidosis in 3 cases and metabolic acidosis in 3 cases but none of TTN showed hypoxia unresponsive to oxygen 5) Chest X-ray showed hyperaeration in 10 cases(34.5%), increased pulmonary vascularity in 8 cases(27.6%), hyperaeration and increased pulmonary vascularity in 6 cases(20.6%) and cardiomegaly in 12 cases(53%). 6) Tachypnea usually appeared within 6hours and abated by 48-72hours but sustained more than 73hours in 7 cases(24.1%) 7) In majority of cases, maximal respiratory rates were below 100 rates/min and administered oxygen concentrations were 20-40%, and their mean values were 81 rates/min, 37.6% respectively. 8) TTN with more prolonged course(> or=48hours) was associated with low birth weight infants, prematurity and higher respiratory rates(> or=100 breaths a minute)(p<0.05).
Acidosis ; Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Cardiomegaly ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachypnea ; Thorax ; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn*

Airway management for patients who have suffered multiple facial fractures and skull base fractures is complicated. Nasal intubation can interfere with centralization and stabilization of nasal fractures and may lead to cranial intubation. Restoring the dental occlusion by means of intraoperative maxillo- mandibular fixation is a prerequisite to the corrrect anatomical reduction of multiple facial fractures. This fixation precludes oral endotracheal intubation. In the past, it has been overcome by a tracheostomy. Complications of a tracheostomy include infection, hemorrhage, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, tracheal stenosis, and tracheoesophageal fistula. The technique of submental intubation was originally described by Altemir. This technique provide secure airway, an unobstructed intraoral airway field. and allows maxillomandibular fixation while avoiding the drawbacks and complications of naso-endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. With this technique, the multiple facial fractures were corrected successfully.
Airway Management ; Dental Occlusion ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Jaw Fixation Techniques ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumothorax ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Skull Base ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Surgery, Oral* ; Tracheal Stenosis ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula ; Tracheostomy

Objectives: This study examined the results of the restandardization of the Korean Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The Korean PAI was first standardized in 2001 and then restandardized in 2019 to establish new normative data. On the other hand, differences may exist in the results of the restandardized version considering the time interval, which may include cultural and social differences. Thus, differences between the results of the Korean PAI administered in 2001 and 2019 must be examined to confirm its new normative data followed by restandardization. Methods: Data from 2212 adults who administered the original Korean PAI in 2001 and 1263 adults who administered the Korean PAI in 2019 were collected. The study compared the reliability and mean scores. In addition, the mean scores of the Korean PAI administered in 2019 were converted to T-scores adapted to the normative data of 2001. The collected data was analyzed using a t-test and comparing the T-scores. Results: The internal consistency reliability showed a similar pattern in both versions, but the differences among the mean scores and T-scores appeared to be significant. Conclusion The significant differences between the scores of the Korean PAI administered in 2001 and 2019 reflect the result of the restandardization. Therefore, the restandardized version of the Korean PAI may bring more precise information that can be adapted to the contemporary era.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic idiopathic urticaria refers to recurrent hives of more than six weeks duration and in approximately 80% of cases, the etiology is unknown. Recently, involvement of an autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic urticaria has been suggested. Thyroid autoimmunity has been reported in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and treatment with thyroxine in selected cases induced clinical remission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 99 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria to evaluate the clinical significance of anti-thyroid auto-antibodies including anti-thyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies. Thirty-four normal volunteers were selected as controls. The prevalence of these two auto-antibodies as well as laboratory findings and clinical features between these two groups were compared. RESULTS: Thyroid auto-antibodies were positive in 24% of patients compared to 8.7% of control patients and the duration of the disease was significantly longer in the patients with thyroid auto-antibodies than in those without thyroid auto-antibodies, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in age, positive rate of ANA and total eosinophil count. Administration of thyroxine to five patients with refractory urticaria resulted in improvement in three patients. CONCLUSION: Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with chronic idiopathic urticaria in some patients. Administration of thyroxine resulted in improvement of symptoms in some of these patients. Therefore, we recommend routine testing of thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with retractable chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Antibodies ; Autoimmunity ; Eosinophils ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroxine ; Urticaria*

The Doppler ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) is an objective and efficient tool that can be used to determine the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease in the lower extremities. The ABI value is inversely associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. To date, there have been no studies of the distribution of ABI in Korea. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,943 subjects (681 men and 1,262 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea. The prevalence of a low ABI (<0.90) was 2.2% in men and 1.8% in women, and a high ABI (>or=1.30) was prevalent in 3.1% of men and 0.8% of women. Age, smoking habits, waist circumference, hypertension, and blood pressure were associated with ABI values in both sexes. The presence of carotid plaques was associated with ABI values only in men, whereas pulse pressure was associated with ABI values only in women (p<0.05). Although the prevalence of a low ABI in the present study was lower than those reported previously for Western populations and Japanese men, our results suggest that the ABI might be used as an indicator of cardiovascular risk factors in adult Koreans.
Aged ; Analysis of Variance ; Ankle/*blood supply ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Blood Pressure ; Brachial Artery/*physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/etiology/*physiopathology ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications ; Korea ; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides/blood

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on lipid levels in Korean adults and to investigate the interactions between these polymorphisms and environmental factors in determining lipid levels. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,900 subjects (668 men and 1,232 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea, in 2004. APOE polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Carriers of the APOE*E2 (E2) allele had significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations than did carriers of the APOE*E3 (E3) or APOE*E4 (E4) alleles, regardless of gender. The APOE allele type had significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride levels in women, but not in men. The effect of APOE allele type on HDL-C levels was modified by age in women. In addition, in men, the effect of APOE allele type on triglyceride levels was modified by smoking. These findings highlight the important effect of gene-environment interactions on lipid levels.
Aged ; Analysis of Variance ; Apolipoproteins E/*genetics ; Comparative Study ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Lipids/*blood ; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood ; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Triglycerides/blood

The aim of this study was to establish reference data for the quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus and for the bone mineral densities (BMD) of the calcaneus and distal forearm, and to evaluate the correlation between QUS parameters and BMD in a Korean population. We performed a cross-sectional study involving 3,053 subjects (1,225 men and 1,828 women). QUS was conducted on the calcaneus and was quantified as speed of sound (SOS, m/sec), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), and stiffness index. The BMD of the calcaneus and distal forearm were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. The peak mean values for the QUS parameters occurred in the 20 to 29-yr-old subjects of both sexes, with the exception of the BUA, which reached the highest values in women of 30-39 yr. For both sexes, the mean BMD of the calcaneus was highest in those 20-29 yr old and that of the distal forearm was highest in those 40-49 yr old. The correlations between the QUS and BMD results were found to be 0.41 to 0.73 in men and 0.51 to 0.76 in women. Theses data can serve as a reference values for both sexes in Korea.
Adult ; Aged ; *Bone Density ; Calcaneus/*metabolism/*ultrasonography ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Densitometry, X-Ray ; Female ; Forearm ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis/etiology/metabolism/ultrasonography ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: A hypertensive response is seen when a skull pin is inserted for a craniotomy. The risk of morbidity and mortality is high in patients with intracranial pathology. Many methods have been introduced to overcome the problem. We compared the hemodynamic effects and changes of intracranial pressure when we used lidocaine or fentanyl for blunting the hypertensive response. METHODS: Thirty-two patients scheduled for a craniectomy were divided into two groups: an IV (intravenous) bolus of fentanyl (2micro gram/kg) group or lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) group. An anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (2micro gram/kg), thiopental (5-7 mg/kg), lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg), and was maintained with isoflurane 1 MAC (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration) in nitrous oxide 50% and oxygen. After induction of anesthesia, a lumbar subarachnoid catheter was inserted for CSFP (cerebrospinal fluid pressure) measurement. An IV bolus of either fentanyl (2micro gram/kg) or lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) was administered prior to insertion of the skull pin by a randomized method. CSFP, MAP (mean arterial pressure), and HR (heart rate) were measured before and 5 min after induction of anesthesia, immediately before and each mininute for five measurements after skull pin insertion. RESULTS: There were no intergroup differences in the values of CSFP and HR. The MAP increased 9+/-14 (mean+/-SD) mmHg and 4+/-12 (mean+/-SD) mmHg 1 min after the skull pin insertion compared with immediately before skull pin insertion in the fentanyl group and lidocaine group respectively. The MAP recovered 2 min after the skull pin insertion in both groups. CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure) recovered 3 min and 2 min after the skull pin insertion in the fentanyl group and lidocaine group respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An IV bolus of either fentanyl or lidocaine before skull pin insertion resulted in a stable value of CSFP, CPP and HR.
Anesthesia ; Catheters ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Craniotomy ; Fentanyl* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intracranial Pressure ; Isoflurane ; Lidocaine* ; Mortality ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pathology ; Perfusion* ; Skull* ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide