Korea has not tried any food consumption survey so far except the national nutrition survey, which does not show food consumption patterns of different income stratas. The results of the family income and expenditure survey(FIES) by the national statistical office can be precious sources which show household food consumption patterns due to large, random. Samples, year-round survey period and socioeconomic background data. This study analyzed the FIES data to find out food consumption patterns including nutrient intakes and frequently consumed foods by households among different monthly income levels. Big difference was found in food consumption patterns among the quartile-income groups especially the amount of consumed foods, food expenditure, and nutrient intakes. For every food item, the higher the monthly invomr, yhr motr og goof yhry vondumrf. The monthly food expenditure of higher higher income strata was composed with higher percentage of relatively expensive foods compared to other stratas. Nutrient intake levels of lower income strata were 50-60% of the RDA, which showed the necessicity of food assistance programs for those high risk groups to complement the nutritional difficiency.
Complement System Proteins ; Family Characteristics ; Food Assistance ; Health Expenditures* ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys

The purpose of this study is to estimate the minimum optimal scale(MOS) of the self-employed health insurance associations. Considering the high proportion of operating expenses, the author have selected 254 regional health insurance associations from the 1990 Finance Report of the self-employed health insurance programs. both a quadratic function and a hyperbolic function were chosen for the analysis. The dependent variables are the average maintenance cost per insured person and per household, and the independent variables are the number of insured members and of household. The minimum optimal scale was obtained from the differentiation of the quadratic function. Major findings are summarized as follows: 1. The M.O.S. was calculated as 166,174 members (27,442 households) for the rural self-employed health insurance associations and 258,462 members (75,446 households) for the urban. Providing that both the rural and urban health insurance associations would e integrated, the M.O.S. be found to become 231,687 members (68,101 households) 2. Compared with the optimal minimum scale, the magnitude of the current health insurance association found to be much smaller, less than half of the optimal scale. 3. In order to reduce the operating cost, it is necessary to enlarge the operational scale of self-employed health insurance associations.
Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Insurance ; Insurance, Health* ; Korea* ; Urban Health

No abstract available.
Colon* ; Lymphangioma, Cystic*

A marked accumulation of eosinophils occurs in several disorders, such as allergic diseases, parasitic infections, and cancers. Recently we experienced a case of clonorchiasis with a presentation of peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration in the liver. A 46-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of epigastric pain. The white boold cell count was 33,900/mm3 with 70% eosinophils. Two stool examinations were negative for parasite eggs. Skin test gave a positive test for Clonorchis sinensis. CT showed inhomogeneous enhancement with multiple subcapsular low attenuation in the liver. The pathological features of the liver, which were characterized by marked infiltration of eosinophils in the periportal and intralobular areas and no evidence of parasitic ova, granuloma, or tumor, suggested that the lesions were caused by the hypereosinophilic syndrome. He was treated with corticosteroids. During management, however, antibody against C. sinensis in serum using micro-ELISA was positive and a stool specimen gave a positive test for C. sinensis ova. We diagnosed clornorchiasis and administered praziquantel to him. Peripheral eosinophilia has improved.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Angioplasty ; Arteries ; Cell Count ; Clonorchiasis* ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Eggs ; Eosinophilia* ; Eosinophils* ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome ; Liver* ; Middle Aged ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Parasitic Diseases ; Praziquantel ; Skin Tests ; Stents

We experienced a case of gastric carcinoid with melena and syncope, which had a metastasis to regional lymph nodes. The gastric carcinoid tumor with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which required transfusion, is very rare disease. So we report a case of gastric carcinoid with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding with a review of relevant literature.
Carcinoid Tumor* ; Hemorrhage ; Lymph Nodes ; Melena ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Rare Diseases ; Syncope

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary artery hypertension is characterized by persistent increase of vascular resistance, and is associated with right ventricle failure. We investigated changes of plasma renin, serum aldosterone, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) concentrations, ACE gene expressions and protein contents after bosentan treatment. METHODS: Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control (C) group, monocrotaline (M) group, and bosentan (B) group. Groups M and B were subcutaneously administered with 60 mg/kg of monocrotaline. In group B, 20 mg/kg/day of bosentan was administered by gavage twice a day. The rats were sacrificed after 1, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. Changes of ACE gene expressions were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Also, plasma renin, serum aldosterone, and ACE levels were measured. RESULTS: Serum aldosterone levels were significantly increased in group M compared with group C and significantly decreased after bosentan treatment on day 28. Serum ACE concentrations were significantly decreased compared with group M after bosentan treatment on day 28. Gene expressions of ACE were significantly increased in group M compared with group C on day 5 and significantly decreased after bosentan treatment on day 7 and 14. ACE protein contents significantly increased in group M compared with group C in week 2 and 4. It significantly decreased after bosentan treatment in week 2. CONCLUSIONS: The renin-angiotensin system is associated with pulmonary artery hypertension. To investigate the effects of bosentan on the renin-angiotensin system in pulmonary artery hypertension, further studies on the effects of bosentan according to different doses are required in the future.
Aldosterone ; Angiotensins ; Animals ; Gene Expression ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Male ; Monocrotaline ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Plasma ; Pulmonary Artery ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renin ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Sulfonamides ; Vascular Resistance

PURPOSE: We conducted comparative analysis of dietary behavior and food and nutrient intakes of Korean elderly in urban and rural areas using the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: This study was conducted on 1,239 participants (urban elderly: 867, rural elderly: 372) aged 65 years and over who participated in the health examination and nutrition survey in the 6th 2014 KNHANES. Dietary behaviors, including skipping meals, eating out frequencies, and food and nutrient intakes were analyzed using 24-hour recall data. Analysis of complex sample design data through SPSS 19.0 was used for the analysis. RESULTS: The rate of skipping dinner was higher in urban (6.5%) than in rural elderly (3.6%) (p < 0.05), and the frequency of eating out per week of urban elderly (1.73) was higher than that of rural elderly (1.35) (p < 0.001). The rural elderly consumed a greater amount of grain compared to urban elderly, whereas consumption of water, seaweed food, and dairy products was lower in rural than in urban areas (p < 0.05). The rural elderly consumed significantly less highly unsaturated fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, carotene, niacin, and vitamin C in comparison with elderly in urban areas. Comparison of the percentages of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) between the two groups showed that intakes of vitamin A and vitamin C were significantly lower in the rural elderly than in urban elderly. CONCLUSION: The elderly in rural areas showed unbalanced food and nutrient intakes compared to the elderly in urban areas. Therefore, customized nutrition education according to residential areas should be developed and provided to rural elderly to improve their health and nutritional status.
Aged* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Carotenoids ; Dairy Products ; Eating ; Education ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Humans ; Iron ; Korea* ; Lunch* ; Meals ; Niacin ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritional Status ; Phosphorus ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Seaweed ; Vitamin A ; Water

Tailored nutritional education is generally found to be more effective in changing behaviors and to be more fully implemented than a non-tailored equivalent. This study was conducted in order to develop tailored nutritional education materials on food additives in processed foods based on need and levels of knowledge of educational targets of elementary-school students in Seoul Metropolitan City. The focus group interview was conducted with six elementary-school nutrition teachers in order to gather information and to develop a tailored quantitative questionnaire for the survey. Based on the results from 138 nutrition teachers, all answered that education on food additives in processed foods for students is necessary and both teachers and students need to receive education regarding definition, safety, and use of food additives for each processed food, in the form of video, PPT, and teaching-learning plan. Nutritional education materials for two classes were developed using video clips (grocery shopping and cooking class) about food additives in processed foods, PPTs with activity papers, two teaching-learning plans, and school newsletters to parents. In conclusion, the current study warrants conduct of further studies short-term and long-term impacts and efficacy of tailored need-based nutrition education in promotion of healthy nutrition by conveying proper scientific knowledge regarding food additives in processed foods for elementary-school students.
Cooking ; Focus Groups ; Food Additives ; Humans ; Parents ; Periodicals as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified (NOS), are infrequently encountered ovarian neoplasms. They constitute <0.1% of all ovarian tumors. They usually occur in younger individuals (mean age, 43 years) and, in contrast to other steroid cell tumors, occasionally occur before puberty. The majority of these tumors produce steroids with testosterone being the most common. Various virilizing symptoms such as hirsutism, temporal baldness, and amenorrhea are common in these patients; however massive ascites is an infrequent symptom. We report a case of steroid cell tumor, not otherwise specified, with hypertension, obesity, ascites and elevated CA 125 with brief review of literature.
Alopecia ; Amenorrhea ; Ascites ; Female ; Hirsutism ; Hypertension ; Obesity ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Puberty ; Steroids ; Testosterone

PURPOSE: Food intake of COPD patients decreases because of appetite loss, depression, and breathing problems while eating, which increase the likelihood of patients becoming malnourished. This study investigated the nutrient intake and dietary quality of people with and without COPD in Korea. METHODS: There were 2,160 adults aged 50 and over who participated in the 5~6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into the COPD group and non-COPD group according to the rate of forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) against forced vital capacity (FVC). Consumption of food and nutrients were calculated based on the nutrition examination survey. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: Among individuals in their 50s, intake of vitamin B1 in the COPD group was significantly less than the NCOPD group, while intake of sodium in the COPD group was significantly greater than the NCOPD group. Among individuals in their 60s, the energy intake of the COPD group was significantly less than that of the NCOPD group. The COPD group showed significantly less intake of vitamin B1 and vitamin C, but greater intake of sodium than the NCOPD group. In the group aged 70 and over, The COPD group had significantly less intake of vitamin B1 than the NCOPD group and showed lower nutrient adequacy ratio values in protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and iron than the NCOPD group. CONCLUSION: The COPD group consumed less energy and certain nutrients, and their dietary quality was poor compared to the NCOPD group. Thus, more detailed research is required to understand the concrete relationship between COPD and malnutrition.
Adult* ; Appetite ; Ascorbic Acid ; Depression ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Iron ; Korea* ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritional Status ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Respiration ; Riboflavin ; Sodium ; Thiamine ; Vital Capacity