No Abstract Available.
Amblyopia*

Pilomatrixoma, a rare benign tumor which consists of basophils and shadow cells, has not been reported in Korea. It originates from a hair follicle and occurs commonly on eyelids and the eyebrow in children and young adults. We expoerienced a 7 year-old male who had a progressive growing palpable mass on the upper eyelid. The systemic steroid was administrated under the impression of hemangioma, but there was no effect. So, the mass was exploratorily excised and confirmed as pilomatrixoma by pathologic examinations. We present a case of pilomatrixoma on the upper eyelid in a child.
Basophils ; Child ; Eyebrows ; Eyelids* ; Hair Follicle ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Pilomatrixoma* ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
DNA, Recombinant* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Yeasts*

We analyzed 52 monocular amblyopia patients, who had never taken amblyopia treatment previously and been followed up more than 3 months after terminating treatment of amblyopiam, about clinical features of monocular amblyopia and factors associated with treatment of amblyopia. Strabismus was the most common cause of monocular amblyopia, followed by anisometropia and visual deprivation in that order. But the average period of treatment was longest in visual deprivation amblyopia, followed by strabismic amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia. In strabismic amblyopia, the greater the prism diopter, the longer the period of treatment taken. In anisometropic amblyopia, the greater the difference of corrected visual acuity, the longer the period of treatment taken.
Amblyopia* ; Anisometropia ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Strabismus ; Visual Acuity

Joubert syndrome is the very rare autosomal recessive disorder which is including agenesis of cerebellar vermis, respiratory discomfort, ocular motor apraxia, hereditary retinal dystrophy, ataxia and developmental retardation. To diagnose, the findings of electroretinography and visual evoked potential study can be useful and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis in brain MRI can make certain diagnosis. We found ocular motor apraxia without head thrusts in 4-month little baby can't even control his head and neck, and then his electroretinography and visual evoked potential study was normal and there was agenesis of cerebellar vermis by MRI finding. So he was diagnosed as Joubert syndrome with ocular motor apraxia. Agenesis of cerebellar vermis is considered to be one of the causes of oculomotor apraxia, and the clinical presentation varies with the age and motor development of the child. So, we describe this case with a brief review of the literatures related to this disease.
Apraxias* ; Ataxia ; Brain ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Electroretinography ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Head* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Retinal Dystrophies

PURPOSE: To investigate the degree and sources of stress which fathers of infants in NICU experience. METHOD: Eighty-five fathers of NICU infants at 5 university hospitals in Seoul volunteered to complete the Parental Stressor Scale for NICU (PSS: NICU) from September 1, to October 15, 2002. RESULTS: Total perceived stress was 3.50+/-0.76. The highest score were in Parental Role Alteration (3.76+/-0.83) and Appearance and Behavior (3.65+/-1.04). The total perceived stress score (PSS), correlated significantly with method (t=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=5.30, p=.00) of feeding. Light & Sound correlated significantly with birth weight (F=3.39, p=.02), medical diagnosis(F=2.30, p=.03), plan of operation(t=2.50, p=.01), operation (t=3.80, p=.02), method (F=4.90, p=.003), and route (F=4.70, p=.00) of feeding. Infant Appearance and Behavior correlated significantly with birth weight (F=5.12, p=.01), plan of operation (t=2.50, p=.01), method (F=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=7.80, p=.00) of feeding. Parental Role Alteration correlated significantly with care of incubator (t=-.68, p=.03), method of feeding (F=2.80, p=.04) and education level of father (F=3.00, p=.05). CONCLUSION: Father with NICU infants were concerned mostly with parental role alteration and infant appearance. Nursing intervention should include fathers of NICU infants.
Birth Weight ; Education ; Fathers* ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Incubators ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal* ; Nursing ; Parents ; Seoul ; Child Health

We reviewed 20 cases for the surgical effect of the vertical transposition of the horizontal rectus muscle for AV syndrome without significant oblique dysfuction. We performed vertical tranposition of the horizontal rectus muscle with standard recession and resection procedure and followed up at least six months. Sixteen cases were V syndrome and four cases were A syndrome. Medial rectus was moved toward the apex of the A or V, and the lateral rectus was moved to the opposite side of the apex of the A or V. The amount of transposition was adjusted according to the amount of vertical incomitance. If the vertical incomitance was 10delta, 15delta, 20deltaand 25delta, vertical transposition of rectus muscle was 1/4 TW[tendon width], 1/2 TW, 3/4 TW amd 1 TW, respectively. We achieved an average of 12.9deltareduction by 1/4 TW transposition, 14.4deltareduction by 1/2 TW transposition, 13.3delta reduction by 3/4 TW transposition, 19.0deltareduction by 1 TW transposition. We also achieved an average of 5.2delta/mm effect by 1/4 TW transposition, 2.9delta/mm effect by 1/2 TW transposition, 2.4 delta/mm effect by 3/4 TW transposition, 1.9delta/mm effect by 1 TW transposition. The vertical transposition of the horizontal rectus muscle for AV syndrome without significant oblique dysfuction showed good result and the amount of correction per mm of vertical transposition seemed to decrease as the amount of transposition increased, even though the total amount of correction showed a trend toward increasing [Fig.1, 2].
Muscles*

Tono-pne and Perkins tonometer have been widely accepted to measure the intraocular pressure(IOP) of children under the general anesthesia because of their portability. We evaluated the difference of IOP between two devices and the IOP variability in 39 children(77 eyes) under age 13 who had undergone surgery for strabismus or entropin under the general anesthesia. One observer measured the IOP three times alternately, and the order of measurement was randomized. Only 5% of Tono-pens coefficient of variance was considered valuable. The range of Tono-pen IOPs was 9~22mmHg, and the average was 15.41+/-3.23mmHg. The range of Perkins IOPs was 4~20 mmHg, with the average of 12.47+/-3.31mmHg. The difference between two methods on average was 2.94mmHg. Tono-pen IOPs were significantly greater than those recorded by Perkins tonometer, but both were within normal range. The IOP variability was not significantly different between two devices. Therefore both methods can be applied effectively in a clinical setting after sedation or general anesthesia of uncooperative children.
Anesthesia, General* ; Child* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Reference Values ; Strabismus

Since Helmholtz discovered the ophthalmoscope in 1851, normal fundus has been possible to be observed. The findings of the optic disk and retinal vessels in the fundus are of great importance in the evaluation of intraocular diseases and systemic diseases(especially intracranial problems). The shape of the optic disk and retinal vessels have been described by many investigators. Direct ophthalmoscopy was performed on 800 normal eyes(400 persons) to evaluate following aspects; (1) The shape of the optic disk. (2) The distribution of the central retinal artery. (3) The origin of the C.R.A. from the disk. (4) The number of disk in accordance with three different shape of physiological cups. (5) The relationship between (1) and (2) (6) The relationship between (2) and (3). (7) The relationship between (2) and (4). The following results were obtained. 1. The shape of the optic disk. 1) The 353 eyes(44.13%) were round, and the 318 eyes(39.75%), vertically oval. 2) In the 289 persons(72.25%) the shape of the optic disk were same in both eyes. 2. The classification of the optic disk based on branching of the C.R.A. 1) The 425 eyes(53.13%) had symmetric distribution, and the 285 eyes(35.63%) had nasa1temporal up distribution. And at least one of the main branches of the C.R.A. passed by nasal side of the optic disk in every eye. 2) In the 215 persons(53.75%), the distribution of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 3. The origin of the C.R.A. in the optic disk. 1) The 411 eyes(51.38%) had their origin in the nasal center, and the 326 eyes(40.75%) in the center, And none of the eyes had their origin in temporal side. 2) In the 284 persons(71.00%) the origin of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 4. The physiological cupping of the optic disk. 1) Most of the eyes(634 eyes; 79.25%) had the optic disk of type A(C/D ratio< or =0.3 and located in the center). 2) The 365 persons(91.25%) had same disk in their both eyes. And the difference of C/D ratio between both eyes was less than 0.2 in 99.75%. 5. The relationship between the shape of the optic disk and the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. was not significant statistically. 6. The nasal-temporal down distribution(Class 6) of the C.RA. appeared more when the C.R.A, originated from the nasal down than when it originated form the nasal center. 7. The nasal distribution(Class 1) of the C.R.A. appeared more in the cases of the type A than in the cases of type B which had medium or large optic cup and locakd in the center or slightly displaced to the temporal side.
Classification ; Humans ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Optic Disk* ; Research Personnel ; Retinal Artery ; Retinal Vessels* ; Retinaldehyde*

We assessed the best method for preschool vision screening using four visual acuity charts. The subjects were 162 childrens(324 eyes), who were divided into all aged group(162 childrens), 3-year-old group(58 childrens), 4-year-old group(58 childrens) and 5-year-old group(46 childrens), We compared Hahn's test, HOTV test, Allen figures and E test by measuring the time required for test, the percentage of children testable with each chart, visual acuity score and consistency of score. There was no significant differences among the time of each group(p>0.05). Visual acuity score with Hahn's test was lower than that of the rest 3 tests in all aged group and 3-year-old group(p<0.05). The percentage of children testable with Hahn's test was lower than that with the other tests(p<0.05). For assessing the consistency, analysis of variance was used. E test was more variable than the other test and Allen figures showed most consistency than the other tests(p<0.05). In young chidren, there were some difficulties in measuring visual acuity with Hahn's test, and the E test caused variable results because of difficulty in distinguishing the left-right orientation, but relatively Allen figures showed consistency, high visual acuity and testability in all groups.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Vision Screening* ; Visual Acuity*