PURPOSE: To evaluate morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications on mammography that were confirmed pathologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty five cases of microcalcifications on mammography (fifteen cases of benign lesion, thirty cases of maiignancy) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The number of microcalcifications within 1 cm2 were more than 5 in 22 cases (73%) of 30 malignancy and less than 5 in 11 cases (73%) of 15 benignity. The heterogeneity of microcalcifications were seen in 26 cases of malignancy (87%) and the homogeneity of microcaicifications were 11 cases of benignity (73%). The morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications were linear-V shape in 9 cases (30%), punctate shape in 8 cases (27%), fine stippled shape in 7 cases (23%), and round dot shape in 6 cases (20%) of malignancy and, round dot shape in 11 cases (73%), punctate shape in 2 cases (13%), and linear-V shape in 2 cases (13%) of benignity. CONCLUSION: Numerous irregular microcalcifications that are heterogenous in size and morphology were strong indicators of malignancy.
Mammography ; Population Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies

Single dose glass ampules have been developed for ease of administration, accuracy of measurement of dosage, sterility and use in prepackaged kits. Glass particle contamination of the contents of single dose glass ampules can occur upon opening. In our study, we determined whether different ampule size, different aspiration techniques or different methods of ampule opening had any effect on glass particle contamination. Different ampule sizes (1, 2, 20 ml), different aspiration techniques (19G, 22G needle) and different methods of ampule opening (one point ampule, cutting with circular etching, cutting with one plane etching) were evaluated. There was no signifcant difference in the number of particles aspirated by any given aspiration technique, ampule size and method of ampule opening. But intravenous glass particle administration is associated with patholagic responses, so the use of a filter needle, and in-line filter devices and a low pressure infusion system is advised.
Glass* ; Infertility ; Needles

We have done survival analysis of the EKG monitor(from March, 1976 to February, 1993) and anesthetic machine(from February, 1915 to February, 1993) retrospectively in operating room at Severance hospital. Thirty eight EKG monitors and twenty eight anesthetic machines were included. Also EKG monitors were divided into two groups(one group was made in foreign country and another was made in Korea) and its survival function were compared. All statistics were treated with Product-limited estimate of survival function(Kaplan and Meier, 1958) with BMDP 1L. Mean survival time(+/-S.E) of all EKG monitor was 113.61(+/-5.70) months and the EKG made in foreign country was 106.65(+/-8.22) months and made in Korea was 113.35(+/-8.97) months. But there was no statistical differences between two groups. And mean survival time of anesthetic machine was shown to be 189.45(+/-6.09) months. It is advisable to replace aging machine before malfunction and failure to protect patients from mishaps stem from equipment failure. We conclude that life cycle of equipment for proper time to replace the equipment is not underestimated to reduce the accident by aging machine failure.
Aging ; Electrocardiography* ; Equipment Failure ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Cycle Stages ; Operating Rooms* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis* ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is followings: First, to find out similarity in anesthesiology related terminology in Korea, China and Japan. Second, to clarify the use of Chinese character in making anesthetic terminology in Korea. Third, in attempt to explore the criteria in making terminology. METHODS: 335 terms were selected in anesthetic terminology book and allocated to English term. RESULTS: 44 terms(13%) were same in Chinese character among three countries, 144 terms(43%) were different in each other, 141 terms (42%) were same between two countries (Korea-China 9, Korea-Japan 130 and China-Japan 2). CONCLUSIONS: Only small terms were same in three countries and nearly half of terms were different. Most of same terms in two countries came from Korea-Japan. It seemed that three countries had their own terms in anesthesiology. Making terminology with Chinese character were not believed to be the best and only way. Moreover, it was suspicious using Chinese character as communicating tool among three countries. Creative efforts with our own native language for better terminology in this field were expected.
Anesthesiology* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China* ; Humans ; Japan* ; Korea* ; Publications

BACKGROUND: Tracheal extubation can be performed while patients are deeply anesthetized or when they are awake. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. But necessity for deep extubating conditions, and what level of anesthesia is adequately deep, is still controversial. Clinical conditions of patients or the preference of the anesthesiologist has dictated the choice of extubation technique. METHOD: Anesthesia was induced and maintained as usual manners. The 49 healthy children between 3 and 12 year of age undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were randomly assigned to group 1(extubation at 1 MAC of enflurane) and group 2(awake extubation). SpO2 and airway-related complications(cough, breath-holding, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) were observed for 5 minutes after extubation with 100% O2 by mask, and SpO2 and heart rate were measured for 90 seconds during transportation to the recovery room with room air breathing. RESULTS: The total incidence of airway-related complications in group 2 were higher than in group 1. However, group 1 showed severer complications than in group 2 such as airway obstruction and laryngospasm. There was no differences between the two groups in SpO2 and heart rate changes with 100% O2 mask just after extubation and during transportation. Group 1 showed higher SpO2 than group 2 upon arrival in the recovery room. CONCLUSION: We concluded that in healthy children undergoing elective oral surgery, airway-related complications are likely to be influenced more by the skill, experience and preference of the anesthesiologist than by the method alone.
Adenoidectomy ; Airway Extubation ; Airway Obstruction ; Anesthesia ; Child* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laryngismus ; Masks ; Recovery Room ; Respiration ; Surgery, Oral ; Tonsillectomy ; Transportation

We tested the hypothesis that the extent of necrosis at the initial MRI predicts the subsequent risk of collapse of the femoral head in a randomized clinical trial conducted to compare the core decompression to the conservative treatment. After the initial clinical evaluation including plain roentgenography and MRI, 37 hips of early-stage osteonecrosis (ON) in 33 patients were randomly assigned to core decompression group or conservative treatment group. All the patients were regularly followed by clinical evaluation including plain roentgenography and MRI at three-month intervals. The extent of ON was estimated on the basis of the percentage of abnormal signal intensity in the weight-bearing portion of the femoral head as determined on a combination in coronal aod sagittal MR images. The angle of necrotic portion in mid-coronal image (A) and that in mid-sagittal image (B) were used to quantify the extent of necrotic portion by the formula; (A/180) x (B/180) x 100%. A strong association was observed between the percentage of necrotic portion and the development of collapse. We concluded that the extent of necrotic portion is a major risk factor of the collapse and proposed a systematic method of classifying the percentage of necrotic portion, which might be useful as a predictive index for the fate of early-stage ON.
Classification* ; Decompression ; Head* ; Hip ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Necrosis ; Osteonecrosis* ; Radiography ; Risk Factors ; Weight-Bearing

This study was conducted to find out the risk factors of hypertension and the effect of thesefactors on blood pressure. The eighteen factors were collected on the subjects of 932 from November 1994 to January 1995 through questionnaire and laboratory test - those were age, sex, education level, body mass index(BMI), family history of hypertension (FHH), triglyceride (TG), blood sugar and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), etc. The status of blood pressure was classified by the classification of hypertension proposed by Joint National Committee of hypertension, USA. The prevalence of diastolic hypertension was 17.7% and the prevalence of systolic hypertension was 11.6 %. In the frequency analysis on the status of blood pressure, by age, education level, smoking habit, RM, BMI, FBS, LDH, TG, the prevalences were significantly different for both diastolic and systolic hypertension(p(0. 05). By stepwise logistic regression with dichotemization of blood pressure, the following odds ratios were significantly high (p, 0.05) - for diastolic hypertension, age 1.973, BMI 2. 106, FHH 2, 102, LDH 2. 773, TG 1.715, and for systolic hypertension, age 4.414, BMI 1.563, FHH 2.125, RM 0.487, LDH 3.814, TG 2. 707. By multiple regression analysis with blood pressure as dependent variable and these factors as independent variables, the regression equationswere diastolic hypertension =51.07+0.20.age+0.07 BMI+0.02.TG+0.02.LDH+3.22.FHH, and systolic hypertension = 88. 59+0.23.age+0.06.BMI+5.46.FHH-2.62.RM+0.03.LDH+0,03.TG By this study, the significant risk factors of hypertension were age, BMI, TG, family history of hypertension, LDH, and efficient control of hypertension would be expected through control of these factors.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure* ; Classification ; Education ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Joints ; Lactic Acid ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) following general anesthesia in adults is an important issue. A model, which can predict the results of PACU stays, could improve the utilization of PACU and operating room resources through a more efficient arrangement. The purpose of study was to compare the performance of neural network to logistic regression analysis using clinical sets of data from adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. An artificial neural network was trained with 409 clinical sets using backward error propagation and validated through independent testing of 183 records. Twenty-two inputs were used to find determinants and to predict categorical values. Logistic regression analysis was performed to provide a comparison. The neural network correctly predicted in 81.4% of situations and identified discriminating variables (intubated state, sex, neuromuscular blocker and intraoperative use of opioid), whereas the figure was 65.0% in logistic regression analysis. We concluded that the neural network could provide a useful predictive model for the optimization of limited resources. The neural network is a new alternative classifying method for developing a predictive paradigm, and it has a higher classifying performance compared to the logistic regression model.
Adult ; Anesthesia Recovery Period* ; Anesthesia, General/methods* ; Female ; Human ; Length of Stay* ; Logistic Models* ; Male ; Neural Networks (Computer)* ; Postoperative Care ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Recovery Room* ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Strabismus surgery is associated with a high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Propofol is an anesthetic which has an antiemetic effect. A randomized study was done to compare the efficacy of propofol-fentanyl and propofol-ketorolac anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children. METHODS: Eighty-five children, ASA physical status I or II, for strabismus surgery, were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups by picking the envelop. Preanesthetic medication was not given. Fentanyl group received fentanyl 1.5 microgram/kg i.v. and ketorolac group received ketorolac 1 mg/kg, 2 minutes before induction. Atropine was given after that. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2.4 mg/kg and vecuronium 1 mg/kg and intubation was performed. Anesthesia was maintained with a three-stage infusion technique of propofol (12 mg/kg/hr for 1st 10 minutes, 9 mg/kg/hr for 2nd 10 minutes and 6 mg/kg/hr was followed) with oxygen and nitrous oxide. Ketorolac was injected intramuscularly for preemptive analgesia immediate after induction. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated for postoperative 48 hours. And also, intraoperative oculocardiac reflex was monitored to compare the difference between two groups. RESULTS: During postoperative 48 hours, fentanyl group and ketorolac group had a similar low incidence of nausea and vomiting (4.2% and 7.0%). There is no significant difference of intraoperative oculocardiac reflex between two groups (45.2% and 30.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Propofol administered to induce and maintain anesthesia with a three-stage infusion technique is equally effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in propofol-fentanyl and propofol-ketorolac anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia* ; Antiemetics ; Atropine ; Child* ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation ; Ketorolac ; Nausea ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting* ; Preanesthetic Medication ; Propofol ; Reflex, Oculocardiac ; Strabismus* ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: This study was performed to characterize clinical features of benign convulsions with gastroenteritis (CwG) in infants. METHODS: We reviewed clinical features of 67 episodes in 64 patients with afebrile seizure accompanied gastroenteritis admitted to Dept. of Pediatrics Bundang CHA hospital from January 2001 to June 2004. Patients with meningitis, encephalitis/encephalopathy or apparent history of epilepsy were excluded. RESULTS: There were 32 boys and 35 girls. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 42 months (18.5+/-6.1 months). The number of children admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis was 2, 887 in the same period. The percentage of patients with CwG was 2.3. Seizure type was exclusively generalized tonic or tonic-clonic seizure. The average number of seizures during a single episode was 3.1 (range, 1-13). Two or more seizures occurred in 53 (79.1%) of the 67 episodes. Antiepileptic drugs were administered for 42 episodes. Seizure did not cease after the administration of one kind of antiepileptic drug in 23 episodes (54.7%). The seizures were rather refractory to initial antiepileptic treatment. There were no abnormalities in serum biochemistry test including glucose and electrolytes. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in all 54 episodes. Stool cultures were negative in 49 episodes. Rotavirus was positive in stools in 51 (82.3%) of 62 episodes. Norovirus was positive in stools in 2 episodes and astrovirus in 1 of 18 episodes. CT and/or MRI were performed in 15 cases and demonstrated no neuroradiologic abnormalities. Of 73 Interictal EEG, initial 24 cases showed occasional spike or sharp wave discharges from the mid-line area during stage I-II sleep, which were apparently differentiated from vertex sharp transient or K-complexes. The mean follow-up period was 5.7 months (1-36 months). Three patients experienced a recurrence of CwG, but all patients exhibited normal psychomotor development at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Afebrile infantile convulsions with gastroenteritis are brief generalized seizure in cluster with normal laboratory findings and good prognosis. Therefore CwG is likely to be categorized as situation-related seizure of special syndrome. Recognition of this entity should lead to assurance of the parents and long-term anticonvulsant therapy is not usually warranted.
Age of Onset ; Anticonvulsants ; Biochemistry ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Electrolytes ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastroenteritis* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningitis ; Norovirus ; Parents ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Rotavirus ; Seizures*