Well-being has been considered to be an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of well-being and a similar concept to well -being. Clarification of the concept, well-being in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses and to efficiently apply nursing intervention. This research was designed to analyze the concept and to make a definition of well-being in the lives of Korean Elderly. The study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant(1995), and interviews. Firstly, well-being was defined as the balance and harmony of the internal and external environments and as the pursuit of improvement. Attributes of well-being were defined as follows: 1) homeostasis 2) harmony 3) fulfilment 4) pursuit of improvement And empirical referents were followed as: 1) health status, degree of activities of daily living, 2) degree of happiness, degree of satisfaction, 3) self-efficacy, self-esteem, 4) support, interpersonal relationships, social-leisure activity, 5) economic status, 6) degree of belief, 7) space and facilities Consequently, this study has identified the definition and attributes of "well -being" and has located empirical referents through concept analysis and interviews.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged* ; Happiness ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Nursing

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the differences in the degree of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and stress according to the gender role identity of female university students. METHODS: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 308 female university students. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple-range test. RESULTS: The most prevalent type of premenstrual syndrome was androgenic(33.8%), followed by undifferentiated(25.0%). There was a significant difference in dysmenorrhea according to residence. In addition, there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome according to age, and in stress according to age and economic status. Also, there was no significant difference according to dysmenorrhea and there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea according to gender role identity. Premenstrual syndrome and stress were the most prevalence in female type, but the lowest severe in masculine type. CONCLUSION: The study variables can be influencing factors in the gender role identity of female university students. Also, the findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to establish the gender role identity of female university students.
Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Female* ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Nursing ; Premenstrual Syndrome* ; Prevalence ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between fatigue and other variables(perceived health status, marital adjustment and stress), and define the main factors influencing fatigue in middle aged women. METHODS: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 212 middle aged women. Data analysis was done with the SPSS 11.0 pc+ program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean score of fatigue was 2.30(+/-0.46), perceived health status was 2.82(+/-0.68), marital adjustment was 2.86(+/-0.44), and stress was 2.43(+/-0.61). There were significant correlations between fatigue and the other variables(r=.56-.21, p=.00). The major factors that affect fatigue in middle aged women were stress, perceived health status, and marital adjustment, which explained 35.2% of fatigue. CONCLUSION: These variables have an effect on middle aged women's fatigue. Therefore, these findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to manage fatigue.
Fatigue* ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status* ; Middle Aged* ; Nursing ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the reported factors influencing fatigue of middle aged women. METHODS: Two hundred seven middle aged women between 40 and 59 years of age were recruited from five areas in Korea from March 1, 2010, to April 20, 2010. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 15.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The average score of fatigue was 2.34+/-0.40. There were significant differences in reported fatigue according to economic status and health status. The reported fatigue was significantly correlated with somatic attribution, psychological attribution, normalizing attribution, depression, marital adjustment, stress, and social support. The major factors that affect fatigue in middle aged women were stress, depression, and normalizing attribution, which explained 32.3% of fatigue. CONCLUSION: The findings can reduce the fatigue by controlling stress and depression. Additionally, this study can understand the attribution of fatigue in middle aged women. More studies are needed to identify other variables that influence on the fatigue of middle aged women.
Depression ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study were to examine the relationship among chronic pain, pain beliefs, pain coping, and fatigue and to define the main factors influencing chronic pain in the elderly. METHOD: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 276 Korean elderly. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Chronic pain score was 5.45, which was slightly higher than the average. There were significant differences in chronic pain according to age, marital state, economic state, and duration of pain. There was a significant positive correlation between chronic pain and pain beliefs, passive pain coping, physical fatigue and mental fatigue. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between chronic pain and active pain coping. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 44% of the variance in chronic pain was significantly accounted for by passive pain coping(31%), pain beliefs(8%), physical fatigue(4%), and active pain coping(1%). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that pain beliefs, pain coping, and fatigue can be influencing factors on chronic pain for the elderly. Also, the findings can provide a basis for nursing intervention development to effectively manage chronic pain for the elderly.
Aged* ; Chronic Pain* ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Mental Fatigue ; Nursing ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms among the elderly. METHOD: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 195 persons age 65 or over. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Scheffe's test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in chronic pain among the elders according to educational level and duration of pain, and in passive coping according to gender, physical function and duration of pain. There were statistically significant differences among the elders in active coping according to amount of spending money, in depression according to age, educational level, amount of spending money, and physical function. There also were statistically significant differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that elders who have somatic attributions are incline to complain more severe chronic pain, to cope passively, and to manifest more severe depression than elders who have normalizing attributions. Continuous research is needed to improve effective nursing interventions for attributions of somatic symptoms among elders.
Aged ; Chronic Pain ; Depression ; Humans ; Phosphatidylethanolamines ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the relationship of health status, aging anxiety, social networking, generativity, and happiness and to investigate the main factors influencing happiness of late middle-aged adults. Methods: The study collected data from a total of 153 middle-aged men and women aged 50 to 64 years old from a consumer panel of Macromill-Embrain, the biggest online survey provider in Korea. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS 22.0 program. Results: The subjects’ happiness mean score was 16.17±9.29. Statistically significant differences in happiness were found according to education (F=4.38, p=.014), economic status (t=5.13, p<.001), and religion (t=2.18, p=.031). Happiness was correlated significantly with health status (r=.41, p<.001), aging anxiety (r=-.62, p<.001), family support (r=.43, p<.001), friend support (r=.36, p<.001) and generativity (r=.63, p<.001). The factors influencing happiness of late middle-aged adults were generativity (β=.37, p<.001), aging anxiety (β=-.35, p<.001), family support (β=.20, p<.001), and economic status (β=.13, p=.033). The explanatory power of the model was 58.0%. Conclusion This study will be used as basic data when developing a nursing intervention program for successful aging by identifying factors that affect the happiness of late middle-aged adults.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is linked to a wide range of respiratory diseases. Several studies have shown that body weight at baseline and weight change were related to pulmonary function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between change in body mass index (BMI) and pulmonary function in adults. METHODS: Of those aged 40-64 years at baseline who had initially visited the health promotion center at one university-level hospital from January 2000 to December 2002, 499 (men: 309, women: 190) patients revisited the center over a 5-year period up to December 2009 and were enrolled in the study. Subjects were classified into 4 groups- group 1: normal-normal, group 2: normal-obese, group 3: obese-normal, and group 4: obese-obese, based on their BMI at baseline and follow-up. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC were measured by spirometry. RESULTS: Change in FEV1/FVC was significantly associated with change in BMI for men in all 4 groups. Change in FEV1/FVC was significantly different between group 1 and 3 and between group 1 and 4. Changes in FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC were significantly associated with change in BMI for women in all 4 groups. Change in FEV1 was significantly different between group 3 and 4, and change in FVC was significantly different between group 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a change in BMI is negatively associated with change in pulmonary function. Obesity itself can be a risk factor for pulmonary dysfunction, and a decrease in BMI through weight reduction could reduce pulmonary dysfunction or improve pulmonary function in adults.
Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Risk Factors ; Vital Capacity ; Weight Loss

Pulmonary comp1ications following surgery continue to be a major cruse of postoperative mobidity. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of various surgical procedures upon arterial blood gas tension and ventilatory function in the early postoperative period. 30 patients with no history of cardiopulmonary disease before surgery were selectively chosen and divided into 4 categories depending on the location of the operative incision and the type of anesthesia. Group l was composed of upper abdominal incision cases, Group ll lower abdominal incision cases, and Groups lll and lV had nonabdominal surgery. Groups, l, ll and lll received general anesthesia, while lV was liven spinal anesthesia. Lung volumes were measured and blood samples were taken preoperatively and 70 minutes after surgery. Patients were maintained in semisitting position before and after surgery. Vital capacities were significantly reduced in the postoperative period in the general ane- sthesia groups, and tidal volumes were significantly reduced in the upper and lower abdominal incision groups. The mean PaO2 value after anesthesia decreased significantly in the upper and lower abdominal incision groups, but there were no significant differencea in the PaCO2 value. It seems that supplemental oxygen and encouragement of deep inspirations are essential and beneficial in the early postoperative period, especially for the patients with abdominal surgery.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Humans ; Lung ; Oxygen ; Postoperative Period ; Tidal Volume ; Vital Capacity

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influences of aging anxiety, coping, ego-resilience, meaning of life, and generativity on life satisfaction among middle-aged women. Methods: Data were collected from 176 middle-aged women aged 40~64 living in four urban areas in South Korea through an online survey. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows. Results: Life satisfaction showed significant positive correlations with social support seeking as a coping strategy (r=.27, p<.001), ego-resilience (r=.33, p<.001), meaning of life (r=.46, p<.001), and generativity (r=57, p<.001), and negative correlations with aging anxiety (r=-.43, p<.001) and avoidance-centered coping (r=-.25, p<.001). The factors affecting participants’ life satisfaction were perceived economic status (≥medium) (β=.33, p<.001), generativity (β=.28, p<.001), aging anxiety (β=-.27, p<.001), meaning of life (β=.18, p=.009), and social support seeking (β=.12, p=.023). The explanatory power of these five variables was approximately 53%. Conclusion: To increase life satisfaction among middle-aged women, it is necessary to establish generativity, reduce aging anxiety, and foster a positive meaning of life by choosing a desirable coping method. Providing information on utilizing economic resources is also required.