The injuries to the ankle joint complex can cause not only bony fractures but also assoicated ligamentrupture. Understanding of the mechanism of those injuries is important for the radiologist to give moreinformation to the orthopedist to identify ligament injuries and then to fix the fractures. In 1948, Lauge-Hansendevised a classification of ankle fractures based on the position of the foot and direction of injuring force atthe time of injury. On the vasis of location and appearance of the fibular fracture, 4 type of injuries areidentified; pronation-abduction (PA), prnation-external rotation (PER), supination-adduction (SA), andsupination-external rotation (SER). 60 cases of ankle fracures treated at Kyung Pook, National University Hospitalfrom Jan, 1973 to Dec. 1982 were analized and classified. The results are as follows; 1. Male was more frequetnlyaffected than female and the sex ratio was 4:1. 2. The most commonly affected age group was 20's. 3. Right sidewas more frequetnly affected than left. 4. Among 4 types, the most common was SER type (33.3%) and next were PER(30.3%), SA(16.7%), and PA(13.3%) types.
Ankle Fractures ; Ankle Joint ; Ankle ; Classification ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Male ; Sex Ratio

No abstract available.
DNA, Recombinant* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Yeasts*

A considerable body of evidence has been accumulated suggesting that invasive squamous cell carcinoma develops from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN). Most women with invasive cancer of the cervix are from lower socioeconomic groups, have begun heterosexual activity early in life, marry early, are multiparous, and have many sexual partners. Although the epidemiology of the cervical cancer is known well, the pathogenesis of the cervical cancer from CIN is subtle yet. Apoptosis, including the programmed cell death, is important event in normal cell turnover and maintenance of adult tissues. Apoptosis exerts a homeostatic function in relation to tissues dynamics, as the steady state of continuously renewing tissues achieved by a balance between cell replication and cell death. The specific labelling of nick ends of fragmented DNA was used to see the apoptotic cells from normal epithelium of the cervix to invasive cervical cancer. The apoptotic cells were found normally in the parabasal layer of the epithelium. As the grade of CIN increase, the apoptotic cell were found in superficial of the cervix and number of the apoptotic cell were increased. In the cervical cancer, the apoptotic cell were found in the cancerous tissues more than in the normal epithelium. This results suggest that the cell proliferation is more important than the inhibition of the apoptosis in the carcinogenesis of the cervical cancer.
Adult ; Apoptosis* ; Carcinogenesis* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Cervix Uteri ; DNA ; Epidemiology ; Epithelium ; Female ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Sexual Partners ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cytohistologic correlation and the clinical significance among patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL) identified on cervical Pap smear screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathologic reports of patients who have underwent cervical Pap smear screening at Korea university Ansan hospital from January 1997 to December 1998 were evaluated. Cytologic diagnosis was classified by the Bethesda System (TBS). Among these patients, the patients whose histologic diagnosis was established by cervical punch biopsy, LEEP, conization, and hysterectomy were targetted. Cytohistologic correlation were analysed in ASCUS, LSIL, and HSIL respectively. RESULTS: During 2 year period (1997-1998), total 3587 Pap smears were taken. The median rate of abnormal cytology was 7.2%, with 4.6% of ASCUS, 0.8% of LSIL, 1.3% of HSIL, and 0.5% of squamous cell carcinoma. The median ratio of ASCUS versus SIL was 2.2. Smears with ASCUS showed 46.9% with chronic cervicitis, 40.6% with LSIL(35.9% with koilocytotic atypia, 4.7% with mild dysplasia), 10.9% with HISL, and 1.6% with invasve squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. Smears with LSIL showed 38.1% with LSIL(9.5% with koilocytotic atypia, 28.6% with mild dysplasia), and 28.6% with HSIL on biopsy. Smears with HSIL showed 27.8% with LSIL, 63.9% with HSIL, and 8.3% with invasive squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Smears with ASCUS showed 53.1% with SIL and cancer on biopsy. But most of theses cases revealed koilocytotic atypia rather than dysplasia, so conservative management such as repeated Pap smear is desirable. On the other hand, because smears with LSIL showed dysplasia rather than koilocytotic atypia on biopsy, more active management such as colposcopic directed biopsy is required.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Conization ; Diagnosis ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hand ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Uterine Cervicitis

CD44, also known as the Hermes antigen, H-CAM, pgp-1 antigen, and extracellular matrix receptor ECM-III, is a widely distributed integral membrane protein that exists in a variety of forms with different molecular sizes ranging from 85kd to 160kd. A number of evidence implicates CD44 as a cell adhesion molecule with a possible role in tumor progression. To evaluate the possible roles of CD44 in the metastatic process of gastric carcinoma to the regional lymph nodes, we applicated immunohistochemical stains with the CD44H and CD44v6 primary antibodies onto the 2 groups of gastric adenocarcinomas. Each group was comprised of 22 primary tumors extending to the subserosa, and one group showed nodal metastasis, while the other group did not. Seventeen primary tumors (77%) out of the 22 cases with the nodal metastasis demonstrated positivity to the CD44v6, while only 9 primary tumors (41%) out of the 22 cases without nodal metastasis did. However CD44H immunoreactivity was demonstrated in tumor cells of all cases (100%) of both groups as well as in the normal cell components. These results suggest that CD44H form is not related to the metastasis to the regional lymph nodes of gastric carcinoma. However, the expression of CD44v6 seems to play a certain role in the metastatic process of the gastric carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Antibodies ; Cell Adhesion ; Cellular Structures ; Coloring Agents ; Extracellular Matrix ; Lymph Nodes ; Membrane Proteins ; Neoplasm Metastasis

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Classification* ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Survival Rate*

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Fallopian Tubes* ; Female

Cellular oncogenes are expressed as an intrinsic part of the transformed or neoplastic phenotype. More than 60 of the known cellular oncogenes play a specific role in normal cellular development and differentiation. To examine the correlation between ras oncogene expression and the development of cervical cancer, this study investigated the reactivity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) and carcinoma of the uterine cervix by using anti-ras P21 mouse monoclonal antibody. The expression of ras oncogene significantly increased with the grade of malignancy from 11% in severe dysplasia, 30% in carcinoma in situ, 43% in microinvasive carcinoma, to 53% in invasive cancer. The expression of ras oncogene was not correlated with histologic type, tumor size, and nodal status of cervical cancer. It was concluded that expression of ras oncogene is related to early phase of carcinogenesis and tumor invasion of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Genes, ras* ; Mice ; Oncogenes ; Phenotype ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

PURPOSE: There is evidence that folic acid given before and during the first 4 weeks of pregnancy can prevent more than 50% of neural tube defect. It suggested that folic acid play a great role when a neural tube closes. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme in folate metabolism. Since the gene locus and mutation of MTHFR were identified, increased frequency of MTHFR variant was reported in neural tube defect. We studied the frequency of the 677C=>T mutation in the MTHFR gene to determine whether this MTHFR gene variant is more common in persons with neural tube defect and their families compared to a control population. METHODS: The study group consisted of 21 patients with meningomyelocele, 40 their parents and 7 siblings who were managed in Seoul National University College of Medicine and Dankook University Hospital during the period from Jan. 1997 to Dec. 1997. The control group consisted of 25 parents aged between 25 to 50 years who had given birth to, at least, one normal infant and 18 children under 16 years without neural tube defect. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and a segment of the MTHFR gene was amplified using PCR technique. And treated with restriction enzyme, Hinf1. The restriction pattern was analyzed. RESULTS: The frequency of the three genotypes were as follows: normal (-/-), 47.0%; heterozygote (+/-), 41.2%; and homozygote (+/+), 11.8% in neural tube defect group and (-/-), 25.6%; (+/-), 58.1%; (+/+), 16.3% in control group. The MTHFR gene variant was present 9.5% of those with meningomyelocele, 13.3% of their mothers 10% of their fathers, and 10.3% of siblings. CONCLUSION: 1)There is no increase of the frequency of MTHFR variant polymorphism in neural tube defect compared to control group. These observations indicate that while there maybe racial differences in the mutation frequency, expanded studies involving larger numbers of subjects are required. 2) To elucidate the role of various genetic factors influencing on homocysteine levels and vitamin nutrition, research on other genetic variants, such as folic acid and vitamin B12-related enzymes and receptors, are recommended,
Child ; DNA ; Fathers ; Folic Acid ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homocysteine ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Infant ; Meningomyelocele ; Metabolism ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)* ; Mothers ; Mutation Rate ; Neural Tube Defects* ; Neural Tube* ; Parents ; Parturition ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence* ; Seoul ; Siblings ; Vitamins