PURPOSE: This correlational study was performed to identify the impacts of maternal child rearing attitudes on the menstrual attitudes and the determinants of positive menstrual attitudes in female middle school students. METHODS: With convenience sampling, 198 middle school female students were recruited living in one major city and its surrounding areas in Korea. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire including menstrual attitudes and maternal child rearing attitudes from April 1 to July 15, 2008. RESULTS: Among the Maternal child rearing attitudes, affectionate, achievement oriented and rational attitudes had positive correlations to a positive menstrual attitude, and an autonomous attitude had a negative correlation to a negative menstrual attitude. As determinants of positive menstrual attitudes, feeling of menarche, mother's response at first menstruation, and rational maternal child rearing attitudes were delineated and their explained variance for a positive menstrual attitude was 18.5%. There was no difference on menstrual attitudes by K clustering in terms of maternal child rearing attitudes. CONCLUSION: These results support the critical role of the mother. Especially desirable maternal child rearing attitudes in relation to a positive menstrual attitude would be affectionate, achievement oriented and rational for early adolescent girls. In further studies, considerations are needed for menstruation related education and research for early adolescents and active involvement of the mother & daughter together.
Adolescent ; Attitude to Health ; Child ; Child Rearing/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Menstruation/*psychology ; Mother-Child Relations ; Mothers/*psychology ; Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Chlamydia trachomatis* ; Chlamydia* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Nasal Cavity* ; Polymers* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third* ; Pregnancy*

BACKGROUND: The level of physical adaptation through active lifestyle can result in changes in appetite; and caused by physical activity and exercise, physical adaptation may change carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise. This study investigated the differences in carbohydrate and fat metabolism after moderate treadmill running and the difference in appetite response before and after exercise in active, regularly exercising individuals and those inactive. METHODS: We analyzed the effects of moderate physical activity (70% of oxygen uptake reserve, 30 minutes on the treadmill) on free fatty acids, glucose, growth hormone, insulin and an appetite visual analogue scale (VAS). Our subjects included 28 healthy males who were divided into two groups, the activity group (n=14) and the inactivity group (n=14) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The serum samples and VAS were collected at pre, post and 30 min post-exercise. RESULTS: The results of the serum analysis showed no significant effects on free fatty acids, glucose, growth hormone and insulin between the groups, but showed significant changes in free fatty acids and growth hormone between points of measurement. Significant increases in VAS were seen with moderate exercise in both groups, with the inactivity group expressing greater hunger than the activity group. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that inactive persons were hungrier than active persons after moderate exercise. This information might be useful to staff and participants of weight loss programs.
Appetite ; Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Glucose ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Hunger ; Insulin ; Life Style ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Oxygen ; Running ; Weight Reduction Programs ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Meta-analysis is the statistieal analysis of a collection of analytic result for the purpose of integrating the findings across studies. Such a systematic quantitative procedure through combination of statistic offers accumulation of evidence in terms of the effect size. Furthermore, the combination of data from several studies increases generalibility and statistical power with some criticisms. Schmidt-Hunter procedure is appropriate method for measuring d(the difference between the group mean divided by the standard deviation) statistics. In this paper we present the cumulation formulas for effect sizes and analyzed mean d statistics. Twenty-five research reports of clinical trials for prevention of hemodynamie changes after tracheal intubation were gathered. Three drugs(lidocaine, fentanyl, esmolol) were reported in detail sufficient to get for analyzing variables(systolic, diastolic and heart rate). Means of each variable were summarized and calculated by each drug between control and treatment group. Nine meta-analysis were performed. Lidocaine, fentanyl and esmolol all effectively decreased hemodynamic changes compared to control group(placebo group). Fentanyl provided reliable protection in systolic blood pressure as esmolol in heart rate. Range variation.of mean effect size was smallest and consistent in esmolol group. Variance of the effect size corrected for sampling error was large in all drugs and there should be a search for moderator variables(covariate) with need for stratification.
Blood Pressure ; Fentanyl ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Intubation* ; Lidocaine ; Research Report ; Selection Bias

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of immune ablation followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Three patients who had been refractory to steroid and one or more immunosuppressive drug were included. Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide (CTX, 3 g/m(2)), followed by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (5mug/kg/day). T lymphocytes were depleted from the graft by selection of CD34 positive cells. Conditioning regimens composed of high dose CTX (total dose 200 mg/kg) and anti-thymocyte globulin (total dose 90 mg/kg) in 2 patients and BEAM (BCNU 300 mg/m(2), etoposide 200 mg/m(2), cytarabine 200 mg/m(2), melphalan 200 mg/m(2)) in 1 patient. Stored stem cells were reinfused 48 hours after conditioning. RESULTS: Among 3 patients, first patient had lupus nephritis, second patient had overlap syndrome combined with rheumatoid arthritis (rhupus) and the last patient had severe thromobocytopenia and intractable polyserositis. No life threatening complications were observed during the treatment. All patients demonstrated rapid and marked improvement in organ function and quality of life just after HSCT. Previous massive proteinuria in first patient was decreased to less than 500 mg/day with 6 months follow up. Rhupus patient satisfied American college of rheumatology 70% response criteria with 3 months follow up. But third patient improved polyserositis dramatically 1 month after HSCT and relapsed at 9 weeks. CONCLUSION: In refractory SLE patients, HSCT can be performed safely with marked improvement and sustained withdrawal of all immunosuppressive medication. A further randomized trial is needed to confirm the efficacy and durability of remission.
Antilymphocyte Serum ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cytarabine ; Etoposide ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Lupus Nephritis ; Melphalan ; Proteinuria ; Quality of Life ; Rheumatology ; Stem Cells ; T-Lymphocytes ; Transplants

OBJECTIVES: According to preceding studies, many people with mental disability have unbalanced dietary habits or excessive intake of calories. Most of them are overweight or obese due to lack of self-control for food consumption, swallowing with inadequate chewing and physical inactivity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional intake, including carotenoid, in mentally disabled people and find out a possible solution for nutritional improvement. METHODS: People with intellectual disability (N=28), emotional disability (N=44) participated in this study. The disorder grades were from I to III and ages were between 20 and 65 years. Assessments included anthropometry, daily intake of nutrients, including carotenoid, ROMA III questionnaire for assessing bowel movement. RESULTS: The average BMI of intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people was in the range of overweight and obesity respectively (23.7 +/- 6.3 kg/m2, 25.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m2). Overall, the frequencies of vegetable and dairy product intakes were lower in this population. When compared with Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) from Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010, the intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and calcium were insufficient in both groups. Also, lycopene intakes of carotenoid were low, compared with traditional Korean diet of the non-disabled people from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey. In addition, emotionally disabled people also had lower intake of cryptoxanthin. CONCLUSIONS: The mentally disabled people in this study showed lower intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, calcium and carotenoids. Based on these findings, we recommend that it is important to encourage mentally disabled people to consume sufficient amounts of such nutrients in order to promote nutritional status.
Adult* ; Anthropometry ; Calcium ; Carotenoids ; Dairy Products ; Deglutition ; Diet ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Mastication ; Mentally Disabled Persons* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Riboflavin ; Thiamine ; Vegetables

This study was conducted to investigate osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence of radius and tibia using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and to identify affecting factors of osteoporosis. A total of 4,340 women aged 40 - 69 years, living in Ansung (rural) and Ansan (mid-sized) area, and free of illnesses affecting bone metabolism participated in the community-based cohort study. Among them 4,059 subjects measured radius bone density and 4,089 measured tibia. The T-score threshold, defined as < -1.0 and < or = -2.5, was used to identify subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis by WHO criteria. The crude prevalence of osteoporosis in radius and tibia was 8.4% and 23.3% respectively; after adjustment for age, it changed 6.3% and 18.8%. In simple logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased by aging, non-marital status, low education, low income. Otherwise, high intakes of Ca/P, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin E were decreased osteoporosis prevalence. Compared to the normal BMI (body mass index) group (18.5 < or = BMI < 23), the odds ratio (ORs) of the low BMI group (BMI < 18.5), and high BMI groups (BMI 25 - 30, BMI > or = 30) were significantly increased. The OR of osteoporosis decreased across increasing quartiles of intakes of Ca, P and Ca/P. Therefore, maintaining normal BMI and increasing Ca intake and Ca/P ratio may have a beneficial effect on bone health of Korean women.
Aging ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Cohort Studies* ; Education ; Female ; Genome* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Metabolism ; Odds Ratio ; Osteoporosis* ; Prevalence* ; Radius* ; Riboflavin ; Tibia* ; Ultrasonography* ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that the transient administration of oxygen improves cognitive performance. However, the effect of long-term oxygen administration remains unknown. This study investigated the impact of long-term oxygen administration on cognitive enhancement. METHODS: Six week old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 46) were randomly allocated to one of three groups: the control (Control; n = 15), 30 min/day oxygen administration (Oxy30min; n = 16) and 60 min/day oxygen administration groups (Oxy60min; n = 15). The rats in all three groups were administered air or oxygen for 10 weeks. The Morris water maze test was employed to assess the latency (L & Lt), dwelling time (DT) and the total fraction above the mean dwelling time (FmDT) for cognitive performance. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the Oxy30min and Oxy60min groups showed no differences in their L and Lt. There was a dose-response trend due to oxygen administration. Compared to the control group, the Oxy60min group had a significantly improved DT (P< 0.05). The FmDT also significantly increased in both of the oxygen administration groups, which also showed a dose-response trend (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that long-term (10 weeks) oxygen administration can dose-dependently enhance cognitive performance.
Animals ; Oxygen* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: The aim of gender verification test is to maintain impartiality among female competitors by excluding males in women's sports competitions. Some microscopic methods such as X-chromatin test and Y-chromatin test had been used for this purpose. Because of their known shortcomings, the methods were replaced with the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based test. In this report we describe the assay used in the gender verification during the '99 Kangwon Asian Winter Games. METHODS: Buccal smear samples of 126 female competitors were obtained. These samples underwent digestion with proteinase K, and were followed by boiling treatment with Chelex resin. PCR was performed to detect the sex determining region of Y chromosome(SRY) in order to confirm the femininity, and beta globin region was coamplified for confirming that the DNA was extracted from buccal cells. An X-Y homologous region encoded amelogenin was also amplified so that the femininity could be reconfirmed. RESULTS: No SRY and Y-amelogenin like sequences were amplified in any of samples of 126 female competitors analysed. CONCLUSIONS: Established gender verification method based on PCR amplification of Y chromosomal DNA seems to be superior to others. Sampling is simple. The procedure of extracting DNA is simple, rapid, and does not require multiple tube transfers. False positivity and/or false negativity appear to be less. It appear that this method is useful and reliable for gender verification in international sports events.
Amelogenin ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; beta-Globins ; Digestion ; DNA* ; Endopeptidase K ; Female ; Femininity ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sports

OBJECT: We measured the activity of telomerase in coal workers lung tissue and found a significant increase in telomerase activity compared to the control group. Pneumoconiosis has the characteristics of fibroblast proliferation and the accumulation of collagen,thus finally causing the pathologic changes,which lead to the irreversible and progressive fibrosis of the lungs. We hypothesized that this cellular proliferation causing irreversible fibrosis may induce some elongation of the life cycle in the chromosomes and lead to further cellular immortalization. METHOD: 8 postmortem(within 24 hours)pneumo-coniotic cases were examined and their telomerase activity was compared with that of the autopsied lungs of lung cancer patients and of accident victims without any respiratory diseases. Using the extracted ribo-nucleoprotein from pneumoconiotic nodules, telomeric repeat amplification assay (TRAP)was done. RESULT: The pneumoconiotic lungs showed strong telomerase activity, similar to that of the lung cancer patients, while the control group showed no such activity. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, we found that coal dust-induced cellular proliferation affects telomerase-activity clinically.
Cell Proliferation ; Coal* ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Pneumoconiosis ; Telomerase*