A total of 150women with singleton pregnancies who were delivered between 37 and 42weeks gestation had ultrasound scans on elective cesarean section day. The biparietal diameter(BPD), head circumference(HC), abdominal circumference(AC) and femur length(FL) were measured in all cases. Equations of estimated fetal body weight(BWT) for Korean term fetuses using AC alone, BPD/AC, AC/FL, HC/AC/FL, BPD/AC/FL, BPD/HC/AC/FL were made by stepwise multiple regression analysis and were compared with foreign equations such as Campbell(AC), Shepard(BPD/AC), Hadlock I(AC/FL), Hadlock II(HC/AC/FL), Hadlock III(BPD/AC/FL), and Hadlock IV(BPD/HC/AC/FL). The results were as follows. 1. The equations of BWT by sonographic measurement were Equation1 (AC) logeBWT=6.105936+0.005957X(AC) (R=0.876) Equation2 (BPD,AC)logeBWT=6.53614548+0.00004963X(ACXBPD) (R=0.929) Equation3 (AC,FL) logeBWT=6.25336442+0.00751602X(FL)+0.00005155X(ACXFL) (R=0.950) Equation4(HC,AC,FL) logeBWT=6.39631346+0.00004823X(ACXFL)+0.00002023X(FLXHC) (R=0.953) Equation5(BPD,AC,FL) logeBWT=5.99934074+0.00871394X(BPD)+0.00005132X(ACXFL) (R=0.960) 2. When BPD, AC and FL were measured, the addition of HC didn,t affected to accuracy of EFW 3. The best results of all equations were obtained with our equation 5(Mean error=2.36gm, Mean absolute error=96.39gm, Mean deviation + SD(%)=0.07+0.37) and among foreign equations, the best results were with Hadlock III equation(Mean error=18.35gm, Mean absolute error=107.82gm, Mean deviation + SD(%)=-0.46+0.42) 4. The equations using AC/FL (our equation 3, Hadlock I) are more accurate than those using BPD/AC (our equatione 2, Shepard) when utilizing two parameters. Therefore, equation using AC/FL is recommended when the BPD is unobtainable at term or labor 5. The percentage of cases in which the EFW was within +5% and +200gm of the actual birth weight was highest at our equation 5 for 82% and 89%, Hadlock IV equation for 79%, 88%. 6. Our equations had relatively an equal tendency to under- and overestimate fetal weight, but foreign equations, especially Campbell and Hadlock II equations tended to underestimate. 7. Analysing according to actual birth weight, our all equations gave the most accurate estimates of fetal weigh for birth weight group between 3000-3499gm, but for birth weight group above 3500gm, that was not. At birthweight group above 3500gm, the equations depend on femur length are more accurate than the equations independ on fumr length.
Birth Weight ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Femur ; Fetal Weight* ; Fetus ; Head ; Pregnancy ; Ultrasonography

Occupational dermatosis is one of the most prevalent occupational disorders. However, the extent of the occupational dermatoses including incidences and prevalencies of each disease entity, and etiologic materials are not yet well stated in Korea. Authors reviewed the literatures on the statistic data and reports on the occupational dermatoses, and surveyed on the occupational dermatoses in two factories, and surveyed the physicians responsible to the occupational dermatoses with formed questionnaire. The results are as follows; 1. Among medical journals published since 1964, there were 31 articles on the occupational dermatoses. Of 31 articles, 18 were case reports and all others were review articles. Of 18 case reports, 9 were epidemiologic survey. The Workers' Periodic Health Examinations revealed that prevalence of the occupational dermatoses was highest(4.36 per 10,000 workers) in 1974, but number of the cases reported were decreased sharply since 1978 with some tendency to increase since 1987. There were 2,240 reported cases of occupational dermatoses between 1966 and 1992, which is 1.90% of all the reported occupational diseases. Skin infection and injuries due to chemicals were most frequent and there were 6 cases of skin cancer. 2. In an epidemiological survey on the dermatoses among 995 workers in a metal product manufacturing factory and 225 workers with acne, 130 workers with scar, 123 workers with deformity of toe nails. Scars, photosensitivity dermatitis, deformity of finger and toe nails, and acne were more prevalent in the metal product manufacturing factory(p<0.05). In the metal product manufacturing factory, workers treating organic solvents and oils had more dermatoses than those without treating the materials(p<0.05). On the skin patch performed on 16 workers in the metal product manufacturing factory, there were 8 cases of irritation dermatitis and 5 cases of contact dermatitis. Prevalence of contact dermatitis in the metal product manufacturing factory was 1.3%. 3. On the questionnaire survey, 34 dermatologists, 29 doctors of preventive medicine, and 22 family physician replied. The proportion of occupational etiology among all dermatoses assumed by the physicians were below 9%, and the most important occupational dermatosis in Korea was contact dermatitis. Main etiologic materials related to the occupational dermatosis were organic solvent, acid and alkali, and metals. The reason for the scarcity of report of occupational dermatoses were difficulty in diagnosis and physician's ignorance of the occupational etiology. They replied that to prevent the occupational dermatosis in the workplace, the use of protective devices was most important, and development of diagnostic criteria on the occupational dermatoses is urgent. Above results shows us that there is many workers with occupational dermatoses, but they are mostly unreported. Measures to prevent and manage the occupational dermatoses are not satisfactory at present. Hence, authors suggest measures for the precises diagnosis, report and prevention of the occupational dermatoses. a. Dernatikigustm orevebtuve physician, and industrial hygienist should work as a team to examine the high risk group and establish the preventive measures. b. Disease entities, diagnostic criteria of occupational dermatoses should be listed, criteria for the compensation and job fitting at recruitment should be established, and manual for the proper treatment and effective prevention of each occupational dermatosis should be developed. c. Patch test antigens against each occupational category should be developed and it should be available to any physicians responsible. d. To facilitate the diagnosis of occupational dermatoses by the doctors responsible for the Workers' Periodic Health Examination, development of standardized questionnaire, education on the techniques of the patch test, and cooperation with the dermatologist in diagnosis of occupational dermatoses is essential.
Acne Vulgaris ; Alkalies ; Cicatrix ; Compensation and Redress ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Fingers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Metals ; Occupational Diseases ; Oils ; Patch Tests ; Physicians, Family ; Prevalence ; Preventive Medicine ; Protective Devices ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Skin ; Skin Diseases* ; Skin Neoplasms ; Solvents ; Toes

Clinical observation was carried out for 147 patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Wonju Christian Hospital during the period from June, 1983 to June, 1992. A spinal tap was performed on 114 of these patients and the following results were obtained. 1) The incidence of aseptic meningitis in patients with MCLS was 52.6%. (60 cases of the 114 cases who had spinal taps (52.6%).) 2) The predominent age group for aseptic meningitis was 6 months to 1 year of age (35%). 3) For the majority, the value of glucose and protein in the CSF were within normal limit or only mildly elevated. 4) The neurologic manifestations associated with aseptic meningitis in patients with MCLS were irritability (78.3%), vomiting (25.0%), nuchal rigidity (11.7%), convulsion (5.0%) and facial nerve palsy (1.7%) in that order.
Facial Nerve ; Gangwon-do ; Glucose ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Muscle Rigidity ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Paralysis ; Pediatrics ; Seizures ; Spinal Puncture ; Vomiting

Purpose: Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) is critical for maintaining bone marrow microenvironments during hematopoiesis, but its role in hematological malignancies remains obscure. Here, we investigated whether FOXC1 regulates tumor dormancy and activation in the microenvironments of T and natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty cases of T and NK cell lymphomas were included; the immunohistochemical expression of FOXC1 was investigated in stromal cells, and numbers of FOXC1+ stromal cells were counted. Furthermore, the expression of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in tumor cells was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Results: FOXC1 was variably expressed in C-X-C motif chemokine 12–associated reticular stromal cells, histiocytes, (myo)fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. The phenotypes of cases were categorized as dormant (high p-p38/low p-ERK1/2; n=30, 25.0%), active (high p-ERK1/2/low p-p38; n=25, 20.8%), or intermediate (others; n=65, 54.2%). Lower FOXC1+ stromal cell infiltration was associated with the dormant phenotype, the precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma subtype, and inferior overall survival rates, whereas higher FOXC1+ stromal cell infiltration was associated with the active phenotype and favorable patient prognosis (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion These results suggested that FOXC1+ stromal cells within the microenvironments of T and NK cell lymphomas might be related to tumor phenotypes.

PURPOSE: The rising prevalence of childhood obesity may be due to an energy imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Recently, consumption of beverages in children has increased. The aim of this study is to provide useful information for the prevention and the control of childhood obesity by assessment of variable beverage consumption. METHODS: Fight hundred seventy seven children(M : F=1 : 1.02, mean age; 9.7 years) from two primary schools in Seoul in May 2003 were enrolled. Body mass index(BMI) was calculated and the degree of obesity was classified into normal, overweight and obese groups by BMI percentile. Parental BMI, socio-economic factor, 3-day dietary intake, calory intake and beverage intake were examined by questionnaires. We researched beverages and classified them into six categories, milk, other milk products, soda, sports beverage, other beverage. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 7.2%. The parental BMI of the obese group were higher than those of the other groups. There was no significant difference in birth weight, or parents' intellectual and economic levels between the obese group and the other groups. There was no significant difference in daily total calory intake between the obese group and the other groups. The obese group of 7-9 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in sodas, and sports beverages intake. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in total beverage intake and other beverage intakes. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-females was higher than the other groups in other milk products. CONCLUSION: Excessive intake of beverages is associated with childhood obesity. Efforts to decrease intake of beverages may be important approaches to counter the rise in the prevalence of obesity.
Beverages* ; Birth Weight ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Fast Foods ; Humans ; Milk ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Parents ; Pediatric Obesity* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Sports

The mechanism of apoptosis was first discovered at the end of the 19th century, but it was only recently that its importance was recognized. Not only in a pathologic environment but also in a normal environment, apoptosis has an important role in homeostasis. The number of cells is restricted by apoptosis which is controlled by several SlgBS lll VlVO. In pregnancy, the placenta regulates the maternal-fetal exchange of molecules and functions as a barrier for the protection of the fetus. As the pregnancy proceeds, changes occur in the number and components of placental cells. Observing the placental tissues, apoptosis was found in the syncytiotrophoblasts of early and late pregnancy. In particular, the fact that apoptosis observed in the placenta of late pregnancy supports the hypothesis that pmgrammed cell death is a normal sequence. Pregnancy-induced hypertension is usually accompanied by abnormal placenta and intrauterine growth restriction. In this study, using the TdT-FragEL DNA fragmentation detection kit, the changes in the nucleus by apoptosis in the placental tissues of 23 to 40 gestational weeks in preeclampsia and eclampsia were compared with normal placenta. Apoptosis was observed in the normal term placenta and in pregnancy-induced hypertension patients, regardless of whether vasculopathy was observed in Doppler ultrasound or confirmed by pathology, more apoptoses were observed aside from the number of gestational weeks.
Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; DNA Fragmentation ; Eclampsia ; Female ; Fetus ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced* ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Pathology ; Placenta* ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Trophoblasts ; Ultrasonography

Insertion of intravascular catheters may be the most common procedure in neonatal intensive care units. One of these kinds of catheters, umbilical venous catheter is generally used for the small and sick neonates. But the indwelling umbilical venous catheter can cause many complications. The most common complication is thrombus formation in the lumen of the catheter. Neonatal thrombosis has symptomatic or asymptomatic clinical manifestations, which may have serious complications in case of intracardiac thrombosis. In our experience, the infant who has no symptom of thrombosis was treated with low dose aspirin and warfarin for right atrium thrombosis caused by umbilical venous catheterization. So, we report a case of right atrium thrombosis following umbilical catheterization in neonatal intensive care units.
Aspirin ; Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Heart Atria* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Thrombosis* ; Warfarin

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the mental health status of the children of psychiatric patients in order to plan for the resources that may be necessary to help these children achieve their full potential. METHODS: Forty-eight children (age 9–18) whose parents were registered in 5 community mental health centers located in Seoul were recruited. Tests assessing 3 psychological domains were conducted: 1) cognition: Korean version of Learning Disability Evaluation Scale, Comprehensive Attention Test, 2) parent reported emotion and behavior: Korean Child Behavior Checklist, Korean attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale, and 3) self-reported emotion and behavior: Korean Beck's Depression Inventory-II/Children's Depression Inventory-II, Korean Youth Self Report). We defined the children as having a high risk of developing mental health problems if their test scores were over the cut-off levels in 2 or more of the 3 domains assessed. RESULTS: Twelve (25%) children were classified as having a high risk of developing mental health issues. 20 (41.6%) children scored above the cut-off in only one of the domains. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the children of psychiatric patients might be vulnerable to mental illness and need early prevention or interven-tions for the sake of their mental health.
Adolescent ; Checklist ; Child Behavior ; Child* ; Cognition ; Community Mental Health Centers ; Depression ; Humans ; Learning Disorders ; Mass Screening* ; Mental Health* ; Parents* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: Humulus japonicus pollen (Hop J) is a major cause of inhalant allergy in autumn of the Far East countries, and its allergenic potency has been increasing with climate changes. Allergen immunotherapy has been considered in Hop J-sensitized allergic patients; however, Hop J allergen extracts for immunotherapy are not commercially available. We speculate that Humulus lupulus pollen (Hop L) belonged to the same genus may share cross-reacting allergens with Hop J and evaluated allergenic relationships between these 2 pollens. METHODS: Thirteen patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma sensitive to Hop J pollens were enrolled in Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea. Hop J pollens were collected locally and lyophilized extracts were prepared, while lyophilized Hop L extracts were provided by Lofarma S.p.A. IgE-ELISA/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition tests, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and IgE-immunoblot/immunoblot inhibition analysis using sera from the enrolled subjects were performed. RESULTS: All patients had high serum specific IgE to both Hop J and Hop L extracts by ELISA, but no significant correlation was found between these 2 extracts. ELISA inhibition tests showed significant dose-dependent inhibitions on IgE-bindings to Hop L with serial additions of Hop J extracts in a dose-dependent manner, while minimal inhibitions of IgE binding to Hop J were noted with additions of Hop L. IgE-immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the major allergenic component of Hop J at 12 kDa was inhibited by Hop J, while no inhibitions were noted by Hop L extracts on IgE-immunoblot inhibition analysis. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there may not be a significant cross-allergenicity between Hop J and Hop L.
Allergens* ; Asthma ; Climate Change ; Cross Reactions ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Electrophoresis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Far East ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Humulus* ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunotherapy ; Korea ; Pollen* ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Sodium

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess the psychometric properties and to investigate factor structure of the Korean version of Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-K). METHODS: 397 male and 366 female students in elementary, middle, and high school completed the FSSC-K, a anxiety scale, and a self-esteem scale to assess psychometric properties. 403 male and 175 female outpatients completed FSSC-K for confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: First, psychometric properties of the FSSC-K compared favorably with that of the FSSC-R. Second, students in elementary school were significantly higher in total score of the FSSC-K than in high school and females significantly higher than males. Third, a seven-factor solution provided the best conceptual fit for responding on the FSSC-K. Fourth, seven-factor model was most appropriate in result of confirmatory factor analysis in clinic-referred sample. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the FSSC-K have a good reliability and validity and seven-factor model was most appropriate in Korean children and adolescents.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Appointments and Schedules* ; Child* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Outpatients ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results