The muscle glycogen is an important energy source for muscle contraction especially in prolonged exercise. One of the important factors for improvement of physical performance in athletes is the storage of extra-amount of glycogen (supercompensation) in liver and muscles. During 120 minutes treadmill exercise (intensity of exercise was approximatly 80% VO2max), the glycogen concentration was significantly decreased to 36% in liver and 46% in muscles after 60 minutes exercise. At 90 and 120 minutes of exercise, the level of glycogen concentration of liver and muscles statistically were not different from the levels of the 60 minutes exercise. The repletions of glycogen in the liver and muscles in overnight fasted control(C) and 120 minutes treadmill exercise(E) groups during l80minutes after glucose ingestion were investigatect. ln the liver, the concentration of glycogen in C and E groups were markdly increased till 120 minutes after zlucose ingestion, hut the levels of concentration at 180 minutes were decreased comparing to the levels of 120 minutes in both groups. In the muscles, the repletion of glycogen at 60, 120 and 180 minutes of C and E groups were significantly increased comparing to 0 minute of respective groups in the soleus and plantaris muscles. In soleus(SOL), the repletion of glycogen in all of the E groups was significantly higher than that of the respective C groups. However, the repletion of glycogen in all of the E groups of plantaris was revealed higher tendency comparing to respective C groups. Mean repletion rates of glycogen in liver and muscles after glucose ingestion were highest during the first 60 minutes in all groups and the rates of E groups were 2-3 times than those of respective C groups. These results suggest that the glycogen supercompensation in the muscle be provided with decrement of glycogen concentration by exercise, increment of glucose uptake by muscuiar contraction itself and increased insuJin level, and the activation of glycogen synthetase by insulin.
Animals ; Athletes ; Eating* ; Glucose* ; Glycogen Synthase ; Glycogen* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Liver* ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscles ; Rats*

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary source of omega3 fatty acids on preneoplastic foci and the glutathione dependent enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets containing 10% (w/w) fats fixed p/s = -1.0 and omega6/omega3 ratio = -0.4 or 4.0 ; fish oil-com oil blended (FC), com oil-beef tallow-fish oil blended (CF), com oil-beef tallow-perilla oil blended (CP), from gestation period. At 10 weeks, animals of experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepatectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. The area and number of glutathione S-transferase placenta (GST-P) positive foci were significantly decreased in rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) than those fed perilla oil diet (CP). Fish oil feeding significantly increased the activities of glutathione dependent enzymes. Rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) significantly increased the glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Glutathione dependent enzymes had significantly negative correlation with GST-P positive foci. Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) was increased in rats feeding fish oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not different among groups. Therefore, the preventive effect against hepatocarcinogenesis might be explained by induction of the glutathione dependent enzymes and G6Pase.
Animals ; Diet ; Diethylnitrosamine ; Fats ; Fatty Acids* ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Glutathione* ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Male ; Perilla ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

No abstract available.
Folliculitis* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Scalp*

PURPOSE: Obesity is a major health problem of global significance because it is clearly associated with an increased risk of health problems, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Lonicera caerulea (LC) originates from high mountains or wet areas and has been used as a traditional medicine in northern Russia, China, and Japan. LC contains a range of bioactive constituents, such as vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. This study examined the anti-obesity effects of LC during differentiation in preadipocytes. METHODS: The cell viability assay was performed after the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells for 7 days. Oil Red O staining was used to visualize the changes in lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells and mouse adipose-derived stem cells (MADSCs). The mRNA expression of obesity-related genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: According to the results of Oil Red O staining, the lipid levels and size of lipid droplets in the adipocytes were reduced and the LC extract (LCE, 0.25–1 mg/mL) markedly inhibited adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of LCE also decreased the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in 3T3-L1 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1 protein levels in both 3T3-L1 and MADSC were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LCE can inhibit adipogenic differentiation through the regulation of adipogenesis-related markers.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipocytes ; Adipogenesis ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cell Survival ; China ; Japan ; Lipid Droplets ; Lonicera ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mice ; Minerals ; Miners ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Obesity ; Peroxisomes ; Polyphenols ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Russia ; Stem Cells ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ; Vitamins

The original version of this article contained an error in funding acknowledgment. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.

No abstract available.
Body Image* ; Child* ; Food Habits* ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Obesity*

The purpose of this study was to plan a 5-day menu using antioxidant-rich foods (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, phytochemicals) for a congregate meal program for the elderly and to evaluate the satisfaction of menus. The elderly participated in the congregate meal program at Guro Elderly Welfare Facility during October, 2003 (120 persons/day). The elderly liked yungyangbab, cooked rice with sweet potato and pumpkin, soybean paste soup with chinese cabbage, pan-fried cuttlefish patty with chopped soybean sprout, pan-fried beef patty with tofu and ginseng, fresh vegetable salad and most of desserts. The leftovers of menus were negatively correlated with satisfaction of menus. The 5-day menu contained over 1/3 of KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) except fiber, calcium, vitamin K and vitamin E. In conclusion, menus using antioxidant-rich foods for a congregate meal program for the elderly will improve nutrient intakes and satisfaction of the meal program. It may help to prevent chronic diseases and improve healthy lives of the Korean elderly.
Aged* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Brassica ; Calcium ; Chronic Disease ; Cucurbita ; Decapodiformes ; Humans ; Ipomoea batatas ; Meals* ; Panax ; Soy Foods ; Soybeans ; Vegetables ; Vitamin E ; Vitamin K ; Vitamins

OBJECTIVES: The importance of kimchi as a traditional food in Korean cuisine has gradually decreased due to rapid industrialization, economic growth and changes in dietary patterns in Korea. This study aimed to examine the shifts in kimchi consumption by region and by income level between 2005 and 2015 in Korea. METHODS: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III (2005) and VI (2015) were used in the study (n=15,558). Intake of kimchi was estimated using a single 24-hour dietary recall. The sample weights were applied in all analyses to reflect population estimates. All statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS IBM Statistics 20. RESULTS: Kimchi intake has significantly decreased by 27.6 g/day per capita during the last decade in Korea; 25.0 g for males and 29.9 g for females, respectively. Over the past decade, the decline of kimchi intake has been particularly significant in Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and Gwangju, while there has been no significant change in males living in rural areas. The consumption of kimchi across all income levels has decreased, however, the decrease was higher in ‘middle and low income level’. The amount of kimchi consumption in 2015 was the highest in ‘low income level’. The results were similar after adjusting for gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: For the past decade, the overall intake of kimchi in Korea has decreased, however, it has been found that the decrease of kimchi intake for males living in the rural areas was not significant. Therefore, in order to keep our traditional kimchi culture and promote a balanced diet including kimchi for Korean, it is necessary to develop more efficient policies and approaches. A variety of dishes using kimchi should be developed, besides merely serving kimchi with rice as a side dish, to increase the consumption of kimchi.
Busan ; Diet ; Economic Development ; Female ; Gwangju ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Incheon ; Korea* ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Seoul ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), an oriental herbal medicine, has been known to improve liver function, and has both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. However, little is known about the immune-enhancing effects of PG and its mechanism. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fermented PG extract (FPGE), which has increased platycodin D content, activates the immune response in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7.MATERIALS/METHODS: Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and the nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured using Griess reagent. Cytokine messenger RNA levels of were monitored by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying immunomodulatory actions of FPGE in RAW 264.7 cells, we have conducted luciferase reporter gene assay and western blotting. RESULTS: We found that FPGE treatment induced macrophage cell proliferation in a dosedependent manner. FPGE also modulated the expression of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. The activation and phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were increased by FPGE treatment. Moreover, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, an activator of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), significantly reduced both lipopolysaccharides- and FPGE-induced NF-κB reporter gene activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that FPGE may be a novel immuneenhancing agent acting via AMPK-NF-κB signaling pathway.

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer software program for nutritional assessment using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQs) and the 24-hour Recall Method. The software for the SQFFQ was divided into input, output, and database. For dietary analyses, recipe and food databases were used. The recipe database included 25 items and the food database was divided into 18 food groups. The food database was composed of 19 general nutrient items, 33 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids. The software developed in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) input items related to the individual's ages information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary habits; 2) individualized data in percent of the Korean RDA, the energy ratios of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes; 3) Statistical data on the individual's information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary intakes including the frequency of intake of cooked foods, the amounts of food, and the number of food groups, and nutrients. In the 24-hour Recall Method, the input and output consisted of the individual's information and cooked dish intakes. The individual's report included the amounts of nutrient intake according to number of meal and days, in comparison to the Korean RDA, the energy ratio for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes. The statistical report presented the number of food groups and foods, and the nutrient intakes. To evaluate the validity of the SQFFQ, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation and kappa values were used. As a result, correlation coefficients comparing the 24-hour Recall Method appeared to be more than 0.5, except for vitamin B1, B2, niacin, and vitamin E. The kappa values for energy and carbohydrate intakes were both 0.7, and protein, fat, vitamin C, folate, Ca, and iron intakes ranged from 0.3 to 0.7.
Amino Acids ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Carbohydrates ; Fats ; Fatty Acids ; Folic Acid ; Food Habits ; Iron ; Life Style ; Meals ; Niacin ; Nutrition Assessment* ; Plants ; Thiamine ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins ; Surveys and Questionnaires