A Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric method was described for the determination of quartz, mica(sericite) and feldspar(potassium feldspar) in respirable dust in Taebaek area. The results were as follows; 1) The concentration of minerals were determined from the intensity of absorption peak of quartz at 799 cm-1, sericite at 539 cm-1, and potassium feldspar at 648 cm-1 respectively. 2) The precision(C. V. %) for the quartz determination was 7.70+/-2.68 % from 10 to 200 microgram of quartz. 3) The precision for the sericite determination was 16.34+/-6.82 % from 30 to 500 microgram of serictite. 4) The precision for the potassium feldspar determination was 5.28+/-1.74 % from 30 to 500 microgram of potassium feldspar. 5) The concentration of respirable dust in Taebaek area was 4.90+/-3.29 mg/m3(0.4-93.7%), percent quartz was 1.80+/-4.14% (0.01-20.56%), percent sericite was 11.37+/-6.43% (0.00-29.69%), percent potassium feldspar was 8.15 % (n=7, 3.41-19.70%). 6) The difference of respirable coal dust, quartz, and sericite concentration in drilling, coal cutting, hauling and separating was significant respectively (p<0.05).
Absorption ; Coal ; Dust* ; Fourier Analysis* ; Minerals ; Potassium ; Quartz* ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared*

BACKGROUND: The perfect preanesthetic medication and its ideal route of administration are still debated. Transmucosal administration of midazolam has been of interest because of the rapid, reliable onset of action, predictable effects and avoidance of injections. Because many medications are well absorbed from the mucosa, we conducted a randomized, prospective, blinded study to compare acceptance and efficacy of intranasal and sublingual administration of midazolam as a preanesthetic medication in children. METHODS: One hundred twenty eight patients aged 0.5-12year were stratified by age: 38 infants and toddlers, 0.5-3yr; 48 preschoolers, 3.1-7yr; and 42 school age, 7.1-12yr. They were randomized to received 0.2 mg/kg of midazolam in the nose or under the tongue. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and sedation score were recorded before drug administration, at 2.5min intervals for 15min, at separation from parents and during induction with enflurane in O2. Retention time of sublingual drug and duration of crying were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of crying at the time of administration of midazolam was greater following intranasal compared with sublingual administration(60% vs 17%, p<0.05). Within age groups, only infants and toddlers showed a significant difference in the incidence of crying between treatment groups. Significant changes in sedation occured in both groups from 2.5min after administration. CONCLUSIONS: Sublingual midazolam is better accepted than intranasal midazolam as a preanesthetic sedative in children.
Administration, Mucosal ; Administration, Sublingual ; Child ; Crying ; Enflurane ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Incidence ; Infant ; Midazolam* ; Mucous Membrane ; Nose ; Oximetry ; Oxygen ; Parents ; Preanesthetic Medication* ; Premedication ; Prospective Studies ; Tongue

In order to investigate working conditions of underground coal mines, this work was undertaken to evaluate the respirable dust and the concentration of quartz in Taeback and Kangneung areas. The concentration of quartz was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry. The results were as follows; 1) The concentration of respirable dust of drilling and coal face in Taeback and Kangneung areas were as followed. 2) Distribution of respirable dust was well fitted to the long-normal distribution and geometric mean value was log(-1) 0.37+/-log(-1) 0.47 (2.34+/-2.95) mg/m3. 3) The difference of respirable dust concentrations in Taeback and Kangneung areas was not significant statistically (p>0.05). 4) The concentration of quartz of drilling and coal face in Taeback and Kangneung areas were as followed. 5) Distribution of quartz concentrations was well fitted to the log-normal distribution and geometric mean value was log(-1) 0.33+/-log(-1) 0.45 (2.14+/-2.82)%. 6) The difference of quartz concentrations in Taeback and Kangneung areas was not significant (p>0.05), but significant at drilling sites and coal faces (p<0.05).
Coal* ; Dust* ; Fourier Analysis ; Gangwon-do* ; Quartz* ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared

Human untreated costal cartilage was compared with lyophilized human costal cartilage which was treated with defatting solution for 48 hours and freeze drying for 72 hours (-70degree C, 10??bar) on the tendency of distortion. All cartilages, which were taken from six cadavers, were carved 5x5x30mm in size on principle of the balanced cross section. Their distortions were evaluated by two methods at intervals of one week, one month, three months, six months after experiment. At first, the degree of distortion was grossly graded with four steps: grade O; no distortion / grade I; minimal distortion / grade II; moderate distortion / grade III; severe distortion. Second method is measurement and quantification of distortion in the horizontal and vertical plane of cartilage.Untreated cartilage is shown to be an unsatisfactory material, with only three(12%) of the 25 cartilages being cosmetically acceptable(grade 0 and 1) after 6 months. In lyophilized cartilage, 18(94%) of the 19 cartilages were cosmetically acceptable(grade 0 and 1) at 6 months. This figure is highly significant(p<0.01). In another method, distortion in the horizontal(h) and vertical (v) planes of cartilage were measured, and mean values of ???? were calculated. In untreated group, the mean values of ???? were 0.82 at 1 week, 0.91 at 1 month, 1.13 at 3 months, and 1.31 at 6 months. In lyophilized group, the mean values were 0.27 at 1 week, 0.29 at 1 month, 0.40 at 3 months and 0.47 at 6 months. All values were statistically significant(p<0.01).
Cadaver ; Cartilage* ; Freeze Drying ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Mirror movement is common in young children, and it could be seen in normal adults. Several mechanisms including motor pathway reorganization involved in motor recovery after stroke. Motor pathway reorganization has been reported to be a mechanism in several studies of patients with mirror movement. However, the correlation of motor recovery and mirror movement has been debated. We studied the degree of mirror movement in stroke patients compared with a controlled group to look into their relationship. METHODS: Our controls were 50 adults without neurologic symptoms and signs. The hemiparetic group was comprised 94 patients who had incurred unilateral brain lesion: 36 patients were acute stroke patients, 58 patients were chronic stroke patients. Mirror movements were assessed by three different tasks: abduction of thumb, sequential finger tapping, and grasping. We analyzed mirror movements in controls and patients, and tried to find a correlation between the degree of mirror movement and the recovery of motor power in chronic stroke patients. RESULTS: In controls, male exhibited more frequent mirror movement than female at specific tasks, and there was no difference between tasks of right or left hand. In stroke patients, there was more mirror movement in the nonparetic hand than in the paretic one during the movement of contralateral hand. In acute stroke, the frequency of mirror movement had no variability according to the degree of motor power. The recovery of motor power at a late stage was not correlated with the degree of mirror movement. Consclusions: Motor pathway reorganization seems to be insignificant for motor recovery because the degree of mirror movement was not correlated with the recovery of motor power in this study.
Adult ; Brain ; Child ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Male ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Stroke* ; Thumb

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the link between health-related physical fitness level and cardiovascular disease-related risk factors in adult male workers. METHODS: We tested cardiovascular disease- related risk factors (waist circumference, SBP, DPB, fasting glucose, TC, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C) and health-related physical fitness (VO2max, grip, Sit-up, Flexibility, Body fat) and divided health-related physical fitness level of the subjects into 3 groups - A (very good, n=56), B (good, n=59), and C (below-average, n=57) according to the criterion of the Health and Fitness counseling guidelines of KOSHA. The statistical techniques such as standard deviation, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression (p<.05) were used. RESULTS: There were significant differences between group C and group B & A (p<.001) in waist circumference, DBP, Fasting glucose, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C. In TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Group C was higher than group B and A. CONCLUSION: On the basis of these results, we identified that improvement of health-related physical fitness level positively effects on the decrease of cardiovascular disease-related risk factors.
Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Counseling ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Fitness* ; Pliability ; Risk Factors* ; Waist Circumference

The c-erbB-2 oncogene encodes a 185,00 dalton transmembrane glycoportein with tyrosine kinase activity, and the aberrant overexpression of which has been implicated in the indution of a malignat phenotype. Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 has been found in many human adenocarcinomas, especially mammarian and ovarian carcinomas, and that is associated with poor prognosis. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) to explore the relationship between c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and prognostic factors of endmetrial cancer and analyzed the tissued form the 24patients with endometiral cancer and 10 control cases. patinens with endometrial cancer were found to bave 20% of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression rate and signficiantly higher c-erbB-2 median oncoprotein expression than conterolC-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression showed no statistically significant association with known prognostic factors including stage, grade, histologic cell type, myometrial invasion and lymph node metastases, although the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression rate was increased by stage, and was higher in lymph node metastatic group than in confined to the uterus goup. High c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression was correlated with absence of estrogen receptor (Rs=-0.46, p=0.047) and progestreone receptor (Rs=-0.57, p=0.045), further studies are needed to determine the significance of the c-erbB-2 everexpression in endometrial cancer.
Adenocarcinoma ; Endometrial Neoplasms* ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Uterus

The c-erbB-2 oncogene encodes a 185,00 dalton transmembrane glycoportein with tyrosine kinase activity, and the aberrant overexpression of which has been implicated in the indution of a malignat phenotype. Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 has been found in many human adenocarcinomas, especially mammarian and ovarian carcinomas, and that is associated with poor prognosis. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) to explore the relationship between c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and prognostic factors of endmetrial cancer and analyzed the tissued form the 24patients with endometiral cancer and 10 control cases. patinens with endometrial cancer were found to bave 20% of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression rate and signficiantly higher c-erbB-2 median oncoprotein expression than conterolC-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression showed no statistically significant association with known prognostic factors including stage, grade, histologic cell type, myometrial invasion and lymph node metastases, although the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression rate was increased by stage, and was higher in lymph node metastatic group than in confined to the uterus goup. High c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression was correlated with absence of estrogen receptor (Rs=-0.46, p=0.047) and progestreone receptor (Rs=-0.57, p=0.045), further studies are needed to determine the significance of the c-erbB-2 everexpression in endometrial cancer.
Adenocarcinoma ; Endometrial Neoplasms* ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Uterus

OBJECTIVE: Among causes of sudden death presumed to be related with use of atypical antipsychotics, all drugs which could induce torsade de pointes had been known to prolong QTc interval. Therefore, to monitor the changes of QTc interval on EKG seemed to be an important marker for the antipsychotic-induced cardiotoxicity, further to prevent sudden death due to fatal ventricular arrythmia. There are several studies and case reports about cardiac toxicity in some patients who were administered newly developed atypical antipsychotics. The aims of this study were to know whether quetiapine causes changes in QTc interval, and to identify affecting factors. METHODS: For the 31 inpatients (21 females, 10 males) with schizophrenia (N=25) or schizoaffective disorder (N=5), schizophreniform disorder (N=1) according to DSM-IV, the EKG monitoring was successively taken on baseline and the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks after quetiapine administration, and serial changes of every EKG parameters including QTc interval was comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, variables such as cardiovascular risk factors (weight gain, hyperlipidemia, thyroid function, etc.), dose of drugs, drug combination, severity of psychotic symptoms, changes in the activity of autonomic nervous system despite of sex and age were also successively assessed on baseline and the 2, 4, and 6 weeks after quetiapine administration. RESULTS: 1) Every EKG parameters (heart rate, PR interval, QRS and QT) including QTc interval and diastolic blood pressure were not changed significantly on the 2, 4, and 6 weeks after quetiapine administration as compared with baseline. The systolic pressure was significantly declined form the 2 weeks after quetiapine administration as compared with baseline (p<0.05). 2) Among variables affecting the EKG parameters including QTc interval, age, dose of drugs, hyperlipidemia and thyroid function were not correlated with. However, the body weight on the 6 weeks after quetiapine administration had significant negative correlation with QT (gamma=-0.427)and QTc interval (gamma=-0.406), and the drug combination on the 6 weeks after quetiapine treatment had significant positive correlation with QRS (gamma=0.393) and QT (gamma=0.415), while severity of psychotic symptoms on the 4th week had correlation with QT (gamma=0.380) (p<0.05, respectively). Otherwise, the QTc interval on the 6 weeks after was significantly prolonged in female patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Even though the administration of quetiapine did not cause significant changes in the QTc interval in this study, we need to pay attention toward the possibly related factors.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Death, Sudden ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Inpatients ; Psychotic Disorders ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia ; Thyroid Gland ; Torsades de Pointes ; Quetiapine Fumarate

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: It is widely believed that the post-lumbar puncture headache(PLPH) is related to CSF leakage through the dural hole made by needle tract. So it is accepted that PLPH is prevented by at least 4 hour bed rest after lumbar puncture (LP). If bed rest was unneccessary, the administrative and nursing advantages would be obvious,, especially in neurologic units, whereLP has been done frequently. Therefore, we evaluate the incidence of PLPH in the ambulant and bed-rest patients prospectively and compared the incidence difference between two group. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients without preceding headache who were done lumbar puncture for diagnostic purpose were selected prospectively. We compared the incidence of PLPH between the ambulant (50 patients) and bed-rest group (38 patient,) at 6 hour and 24 hours. We also evaluated the effect of the CSF profile (count of RBC and WBC, protein level and opening pressure) on PLPH. RESULTS: The PLPH was found in 11 cases(12.5%) among bed-rest and ambulant groups. The frequency of each group was 8% (3/38) in bed-rest group and 16%(8/50) in ambulant group, but there is no significant difference between two groups (p-vaIue = 0.26). The frequency of PLPH is also not correlated to the CSF profiles; count of RBC and WBC, protein level, and opening pressure. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between the ambulant and bed rest group in the frequency of the PLPH. We conclude that the bed rest after LP is unnecessary for the prevention of the PLPH.
Bed Rest* ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Needles ; Nursing ; Post-Dural Puncture Headache* ; Prospective Studies ; Punctures ; Spinal Puncture